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投标（Submission of Tender）是与招标相对应的概念，它是指投标人应招标人的邀请，按照招标的要求和条件，在规定的时间内向招标人递价，争取中标的行为。
投标的基本做法：投标人首先取得招标文件，认真分析研究后（在现场实地考察），编制投标书。投标书实质上是一项有效期至规定开标日期为止的发盘或实施性施组编写，内容必须十分明确，中标后与招标人签定合同所要包含的重要内容应全部列入，并在有效期内不得撤回标书、变更标书报价或对标书内容作实质性修改。为防止投标人在投标后撤标或在中标后拒不签定合同，招标人通常都要求投标人提供一定比例或金额的投标保证金。招标人决定中标人后，未中标的投标人已缴纳的保证金即予退还。
投标书分为生产经营性投标书和技术投标书。生产经营性投标书有工程投标书、承包投标书、产品销售投标书、劳务投标书；技术投标书包括科研课题投标书、技术引进或技术转让投标书。
写法
1、标题。投标书标题正中写明\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"投标申请书\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"、\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"投标答辩书\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" 或\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"投标书\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"即可。
2、正文。投标书正文由开头和主体组成。
开头，写明投标的依据和主导思想。
主体，应把投标的经营思想和经营方针、经营目标、经营措施、要求、外部条件等内容具体、完整、全面地表述出来，力求论证严密、层次清晰、文字简练。
3、落款。写明投标单位（或个人）的名称和投标日期。
注意事项
投标书的写作，要求实事求是、具体清晰、准确准时。
工程投标书通常分在技术标和经济标两部分。
投标人在递交标书应注意的问题
《招标投标法》第二十八条规定，投标人应当在招标文件要求提交投标文件的截止时间前，将投标文件送达投标地点。招标不人收到投标文件后，应当签收保存，不得开启。投标人少于三个的，招标人应当依照本法重新招标。在招标文件要求提交投标文件的截止时间后送达的投标文件，招标人应当拒收。
投标文件的送达。投标人必须按照招标文件规定的地点，在规定的时间内送达投标文件。投递投标书的方式最好是直接送达或委托代理人送达，以便获得招标机构已收到投标书的回执。
在招标文件中通常就包含有递交投标书的时间和地点，投标人不能将投标文件送交招标文件规定地点反外地方，如果投标人因为递交投标书的地点发生错误，而延误投标时间的，将被视为无效标而被拒收。
如果以邮寄方式送达的，投标人必须留出邮寄时间，保证投标文件能够在截止日期之前送达招标人指定的地点。而不是以\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"邮戳为准\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"。在截止时间后送达的投标文件，即已经过了招标有效期的，招标人应当原封退回，不得进入开标阶段。 招标文件的签收保存。招标人收到标书以后应当签收，不得开启。为了保护投标人的合法权益，招标人必须履行完备的签收、登记和备案手续。签收人要记录投标文件递交的日期和地点以及密封状况，签收人签名后应将所有递交的投标文件放置在保密安全的地方，任何人不得开启投标文件。
为了保证引起充分竞争，对于投标人少于三个的，应当重新招标。这种情况在国外称之为\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"流标\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"。按照国际惯例，至少有三家投标者才能带来有效竞争，因为两家参加投标，缺乏竞争，投标人可能提高采购价格，损害招标人利益
投标，是一种市场交易、搜寻商业对象的行为。 招标指在一定范围内公开货物、工程或服务、采购的条件和要求，并邀请众多投标人参加投标，之后按照原先规定程序，从中选择合适者作为交易对象。
根据国家法律，政府采购必须通过至少一家网络媒体公开发布招标信息和采购信息。随着中国市场化进程的加速，越来越多的企业也开始通过网络采用招标的方式，进行货物采购和工程项目招标。但由于缺乏统一的招标信息和采购信息发布门户，对销售人员而言，快速获取第一手的招标信息和采购信息就成了一个非常迫切的问题。通常有专门的企业负责采集招标信息，并采用收取年费的方式，卖给需要招标信息的企业。
近年来，随着技术的发展，一种新型的搜索引擎：招标采购信息搜索引擎营运而生，如天天标讯网（[1]）。与传统的招标信息网站相比，天天标讯这样的招标信息搜索引擎采用全自动的方式进行招标信息的采集、分析和检索，因此具有巨大的成本优势，可以做到为用户免费提供信息。同时，招标信息搜索引擎的招标信息采集速度、采集数量等，都是传统招标信息网站采用人工方式进行招标信息汇总所不能比拟的。因此，天天标讯从一推出，就得到了众多企业用户的青睐。
通告
通告格式范文
定义：通告是在一定范围内公布应当遵守或周知的事项时使用的公文。通告不同公告，它主要用于有关单位开展业务工作需要。
格式：
1、标题：
①\\\\\\\"通告\\\\\\\"。如遇特别紧急情况，可在通告前加上“紧急”二字。
②\\\\\\\"关于XXX的通告\\\\\\\"。
③\\\\\\\"XXX关于XXX的通告\\\\\\\"。
④\\\\\\\"XXX的通告\\\\\\\"。
⑤\\\\\\\"通告\\\\\\\"
2、原由：
主要阐述发布通告的背景、根据、目的、意义等。通告常用的特定承启句式“为??，特通告如下”或者“根据??，决定??，特此通告”引出通告的事项。
3、通告事项：
通告事项是通告全文的核心部分，包括周知事项和执行要求。撰写这部分内容，首先要做到条理分明，层次清晰。如果内容较多，可采用分条列项的方法；如果内容比较单一，也可采用贯通式方法。其次要做到明确具体，需清楚说明受文对象应执行的事项，以便于理解和执行。
4、结语：
用\\\\\\\"特此通告\\\\\\\"或“本通告自发布之日起实施”表达。
范文：
例1：
河南省交通厅
关于继续做好公路养路费等交通规费征收工作的通告
根据交通部通知，在国家交通和车辆税费改革方案正式公布实施之前，各地必须严格按照《国务院办公厅转发交通部等部门关于继续做好公路养路费等交通规费征收工作意见的通知》(国办发[2000]2号)精神，继续做好公路养路费等交通规费征收工作。特通知如下：
一、各级交通主管部门要清醒地认识到交通规费征收工作对交通基础建设的重要性、必要性乃至于对河南经济建设产生的重大影响，切实加强对公路养路费等交通规费征收工作的领导，积极主动与当地财政、公安等部门取得联系，密切协作，及时解决征收工作中出现的问题，维护正常的征费秩序，为交通基础设施建设筹集更多的资金。
二、各缴费义务人要严格按国家和省现行征缴政策、办法和标准，自觉到当地征稽机构缴纳各项交通规费。对目前社会上仍然存在偷、逃、漏、欠规费的行为，各级交通规费征稽机构和人员将继续进行稽查、追缴并依法收取滞纳金和罚款，对故意妨碍征缴人员执行公务的，要依法严肃查处，情节严重的，移交司法机关追究刑事责任。
三、各级交通规费征稽机构要认真学习、领会和坚决贯彻执行全国人大、国
通告
务院以及交通部、财政部等国家有关部委法规、文件，以及《河南省人民政府关于加强公路养路费等交通规费征收工作的通告》，加强领导、加强宣传、稳定思想、稳定队伍，充分认识税费改革的重大意义，以国家利益为重，顾全大局，坚守岗位，恪尽职守，照章收费，只要交通和车辆税费改革方案还没有正式开始实施，就要坚决做到公路养路费等交通规费征收稽查工作有条不紊进行。
河南省交通厅
2000年11月8日
例2：
X校
关于规范教学区车辆行驶管理的通告
为了加强教学区内车辆管理，维护教学区内良好交通秩序，为广大师生营造有序舒适的教学区环境，按照学校的有关要求将对所有驶入校园内车辆进行规范管理，有关事宜通知如下：
1、外来车辆不得驶入教学区（以办公楼4号楼为界，4号楼以北为教学区，4号楼以南为生活区）。
2、因工作需要或经学校允许驶入教学区的车辆应遵守：减速慢行，不得超速，禁止鸣笛，不得随意停放车辆。
3、对于违反规定车辆予以警告或驱逐出校园。
X校（印）
****年**月**日
剧本名：追梦之蝶
剧本主题思想：
剧本梗概：
主要演员：
1)创作剧本原文:
一条毛毛虫一天晚上做梦梦见自己已经变成了一只蝴蝶，在花丛中自由自在的飞舞，于是早晨起来问她妈妈什么时候可以变成蝴蝶飞到外面的世界,她认为外面的世界很美好，很奇妙！有一天她终于破茧成蝶，她高兴的飞舞和妈妈道别，妈妈只是告诉她遇事要坚强，要相信自己！它出去看到了外面美丽的世界，难而就在这时暴风雨来临，她的翅膀都淋湿了，躲在树叶下避雨,一阵风又把她吹到了一张大蜘蛛网上，一只大蜘蛛正向她靠近，她使劲的挣扎，耳边传来妈妈的声音，她使用全身的力气挣脱网逃跑。她的翅膀受伤了，伤心的躲在角落。最后她选择了继续前进。最终她找到了一个到处是蝴蝶的圣地！（就像我们自己一样，努力几十年，我们想象中的工作会很美好，但实际上，要想取得成功，我们仍然需要继续努力！）--原创
2)根据剧本原文创作动画剧本
场景一：
时间：晚上
地点：梦中的花园
人物：小蝴蝶（毛毛虫）
内容：梦到在花丛中飞舞
旁白：有一天，可爱的毛毛虫梦见自己变成了一只蝴蝶在花丛中玩耍
场景二：
时间：早上
地点：家中
人物：毛毛虫和蝴蝶妈妈
内容：毛毛虫从睡梦中起来和妈妈的对话
对白：毛毛虫：啊，好舒服哦！（用手揉着刚睡醒的眼睛）
蝴蝶妈妈：我们宝贝睡醒了呢！做什么美梦啊，来跟妈妈说说
毛毛虫：我梦到自己变成了一只漂亮的蝴蝶，可开心了，可我能变成蝴蝶吗？蝴蝶妈妈：当然啰，只要你勤奋织茧，梦想一定可以实现的。
毛毛虫：真的吗？妈妈，我要织茧，我要织茧，我要变成一只漂亮的蝴蝶。蝴蝶虫：织茧虽然很辛苦，你一定要努力哟！
毛毛虫：哦，哦。毛毛虫也能变成蝴蝶啰！
场景三：
时间：一天后
地点：家中
人物：小蝴蝶和蝴蝶妈妈
内容：毛毛虫变成蝴蝶和与妈妈的道别
旁白：经过几天的织茧，变成蝴蝶的那天终于要来到了。（破茧之前）
她看到外面的世界好美丽啊（飞到门口看看外面然后扭头看着蝴蝶妈妈）对白：毛毛虫：妈妈，妈妈，门外的风景好美哦，我想出去看看，行吗？
蝴蝶妈妈：好吧，孩子，外面很危险，妈妈不在身边，你一定要勇敢！毛毛虫：妈妈，我舍不得你！
蝴蝶妈妈：去吧，孩子，你长大了，你一定要学会坚强！
毛毛虫：再见了，妈妈，我一定会想你的！（飞出屋子）
场景四：
时间：下午
地点：森林
人物：小蝴蝶
内容：暴风雨来临，她的翅膀都淋湿了，躲在树叶下避雨,一阵风又把她吹到了一张大蜘蛛网上，一只大蜘蛛正向她靠近，她使劲的挣扎，耳边传来妈妈的声音，她使用全身的力气挣脱网逃跑。她的翅膀受伤了，伤心的躲在角落，看见蜗牛缩进壳里，她想起了她的家,她想回去，可是……
对白：小蝴蝶：哼着歌哇，呵呵，好美呀！（遭遇之前在花丛中）
小蝴蝶：糟了，要下雨了，怎么办啊？（风雨之前）
旁白：一阵狂风袭来，吹起了小蝴蝶
小蝴蝶：救命啊！救命啊！（粘到蜘蛛网后）
插镜头：出现妈妈的声音和画面：你一定要勇敢
小蝴蝶：妈妈，我一定不会让你失望的，一定不会让你失望的！
场景五：
时间：下午
地点：森林到蝴蝶的乐土
人物：小蝴蝶
内容：寻找到蝴蝶的乐土
旁白：风雨过后，终于迎来了久违的晴天
通知格式范文
通知格式范文
通知，是转发同级或不相隶属机关公文，印发上级或本级机关有关公文，批转下级机关公文，传达上级机关指示，任免和聘用干部，发布法规和规章，以及要求下级机关办理、执行或周知事项的公文。
通知分类
根据适用范围的不同，可以分为六大类：
1.发布性通知：用于发布行政规章制度及党内规章制度。
2.批转性通知：用于上级机关批转下级机关的公文，给所属人员，让他们周知或执行。
3.转发性通知：用于转发上级机关和不相隶属的机关的公文给所属人员，让他们周知或执行。
4.指示性通知：用于上级机关指示下级机关如何开展工作。
5.任免性通知：用于任免和聘用干部。
6.事务性通知：用于处理日常工作中带事务性的事情，常把有关信息或要求用通知的形式传达给有关机构或群众
通知格式
由于通知的功能多，种类多，写法彼此有较大的区别，我们在分类时已经有意识地对各种不同通知的写法作了一些介绍，这里只能概括介绍一些通知写作的基本方法。
(一)通知标题和主送机关
1．通知的标题
2．通知的主送机关
(二)通知的正文
1．通知缘由
发布指示、安排工作的通知，这部分的写法跟决定、指示很接近，主要用来表述有关背景、根据、目的、意义等。
2．通知事项
这是通知的主体部分，所发布的指示、安排的工作、提出的方法、措施和步骤等，都在这一部分中有条理地组织表达。内容复杂的需要分条列款。
3．执行要求
发布指示、安排工作的通知，可以在结尾处提出贯彻执行的有关要求。如无必要，可以没有这一部分。
通知范文一
会议通知
按市委办公厅通知，市委定于本月二十五日（星期六）下午二时在友谊电影院召开干部会议，传达中央领导同志在党的第十二次全国代表大会上的讲话精神，并布置有关文件的学习计划。先送上会议入场券一张，请于下午一时正，在大门口集体乘车前往。此致
X X X 同志
党委办公室
一九八二年九月二十日
通知范文二
××市环保局关于转发《××县环保局关于开展环保自检互检工作的总结报告》的通知各县(区)环保局，各直属单位：
××县环保局是我省环保工作的先进单位，积累了丰富的工作经验。近年来，他们通过开展环保自检和互检，有效地推动了环保工作的深入开展，并取得了良好效果。他们的经验基本也适于我市。现将《××县环保局关于开展环保自检互检工作的总结报告》转发给你们，望参照执行，以推动我市环保工作的深入开展。
××市环保局
一九九九年二月十六日
新东方强力推荐十大必背范文
新东方强力推荐十大必背范文，抓紧啦，时间不多哦
1、致辞：
Directions: Write a speech on the opening of a conference of no less than 120 words. In your speech, you should：1、进行自我介绍，2、详细介绍大会内容，
3、结束语。
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Beijing! To begin with, I would like to make a brief introduction to myself. I am the president of Motorola (China) Electronics Ltd.
The following is my introduction to the conference. First, it is my great honor to be here with all of you and declare open the Conference of International Trade Cooperation. Second, on behalf of our company, I would like to express my heartfelt welcome to all the guests and delegates. Last, I believe our cooperative efforts are sure to be productive.
I wish all of you enjoy yourselves during this conference and hope the above information will help you. If you have any question for me, please feel free to ask at any time. Thank you for your attention.
2、求职信/求学信：
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter applying for a position of a company. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese：1、申请职位，2、简要介绍自己的情况，3、期待回信。
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am senior from the Department of Business Administration of Beijing
University. I am writing the letter in purpose of applying for admission into your esteemed institution/your recently advertised position for a staff member.
I am sure that I am qualified for it. First, enclosed with this letter is my resume, which further details my previous academic qualifications and work experience.
Second, not only do my qualifications and experience make me a perfect candidate for it, my cheerful personality is well suited to studying in your prestigious university/working as a staff member. Last, my hobbies include sports and music.
Words fail me when I try to express my heartfelt gratitude to the help you rendered me. Your prompt and favorable attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
3、邀请信：
Directions: You want to invite some friends to a party. Write an invitation letter to them individually：1、邀请参加晚会，2、说明举办晚会的原因，3、将安排哪些活动。
Dear Wangcai,
I am greatly honored to formally invite you to participate in Mr. Old Fish’s wedding ceremony with Ms. Fujiwora to be held at Beijing Grand Hotel from 8 to 10 p.m. on April 1, 2007.
As you are a close friend of us, we would very much like you to attend the celebration and share our joy. The occasion will start at seven o’clock in the evening, with the showing of their wedding ceremony. This will be followed by a dinner party. At around ten, we will hold a small musical soiree, at which a band will perform some works by Bach and Strauss.
If you do not have any prior appointment on April 1, we look forward to the pleasure of your company.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
4、个人简历：
Directions: Write of resume of yourself of no less than 120 words. In it, you should：1、说明姓名、地址、联系方式、求职目标，2、教育背景、工作经历、资历，3、所获奖励、特长，以及个人资料。
RESUME
Li Ming
P. O. Box 237, Beijing University
5, Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871
Tel: 62768888 Email: liming@163.com
Career Objective: A position with management potential in the
banking business specializing in international corporate financing
Educational Background:
Sept 2003 toBeijing University
July 2007Major in International Business Management
Main courses include English,
computer,Business Management, Accounting, International Commercial Law Work Experience:
July 2006 toBank of China
June 2007Internship, Secretary to Deputy Manager of MarketingDraft business correspondence
Schedule deputy manager’s appointments
Qualifications:University graduation certificate and
bachelordegree to be conferred upon graduation (2007)College English Test Band 4June 2005
Honors & Awards:Twice awarded scholarship by Beijing
University2005& 2006
Special Skills:Familiarity with Microsoft Word, Excel
Ability to work independently
Outstanding Organizational skills
Experience:President of Student Union2003－present
Personal Data:Date of Birth: Sep. 17, 1984
Gender: Female
Marital Status: Unmarried
5、告示：
Directions: The Students’ Union of your department is planning a Chinese Speaking Contest. Write an announcement which covers the following
information：1、比赛目的、时间、地点，2、参赛者的要求，3、裁判和奖励的细节。
You should write about 120 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of
the letter. Use Department of Chinese Language and Literature at the end of the announcement.
Chinese Speaking Contest
December 22, 2007
To improve students’ ability to speak Chinese and enrich after-class activities, the Students’ Union of Department of Chinese Language and Literature is
organizing a school-wide Chinese speaking contest to be held on Saturday next week (29 December) at the Students’ Auditorium. Those who are interested in taking part in it may sign up with the monitor of their classes before Tuesday next week. Five professors will be invited to be judges. The first six winners will be given awards. Everybody is welcome to be present at the contest.
The Students’ Union
Department of Chinese Language and Literature
6、就业：
Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Jobs for Graduates. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below：1、大学生难找工作，2、原因很多，3、解决的办法。
Job hunting has always been a headache for college students. Though many graduates are employed right after graduation, some are not. Most serious of all, some still have no idea where to go working even a long time after graduation.
The reasons for this phenomenon are various. On the one hand, a few years ago colleges and universities enrolled so many students in popular majors, such as economy, finance and so on that the number of graduates was greater than the need in the market. On the other hand, most graduates would rather stay in large cities without suitable job to do than go to the country.
I reckon this problem can be solved if both colleges and students take
measures. First, they should research the market and develop special skills to suit its need. Second, students’ attitude towards employment should be
changed. They should go to small cities and country. There they can also give full play to their professional knowledge. In a word, if we pay much attention, the situation can be improved.
7、考试：
Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My Views on Examinations. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below：1、大学都用考试来衡量学生的成绩，2、考生可能带来的副作用，3、我对考试的看法。
In most colleges and universities the examination is used as a chief means of deciding whether a student succeeds or fails in mastering a particular subject. Although it does the job quite efficiently, its side effects are also enormous.
To begin with, examinations lower the standards of teaching. Since teachers are often judged by examination results, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques. No subjects can be taught successfully merely through being approached with intent to take examinations. In addition, the most undesirable effect is that examinations encourage bad study habits. As the examination score is the only criterion for his academic performance, a student is driven to memorize mechanically rather than to think creatively.
In fact, few of us admit that examinations can contribute anything really important to the students’ academic development. If that is the case, why cannot we make a change and devise something more efficient and reliable than examinations?
8、读后感：
Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My Favorite Novel. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below：1、我最喜爱的小说，2、该小说的内容，3、我为什么喜爱。
My favorite novel is Around the World in Eighty Days which is written by Jules Verne. The author was born in France and devoted himself to literature and wrote several scientific romances, which gained him the name——Father of Modern Science Fiction.
This is a book of science fiction which tells us an exciting story about an English gentleman, Mr. Phileas Fogg, who makes a bet with his clubmates and manages to travel around the world in eighty days. It gives us a vivid
description of the many difficulties and incidents which happen on his journey.
From this story, we can see the author’s deep love for the sea, travel and adventure, which played a vital role in his life. We are also astonished and convinced by his fertile imagination and scientific and geographical knowledge.
9、难忘的人：
Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The most unforgettable Person I ever Know. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below：1、我生活中最难忘的人是，2、为什么他（或她）令我难以忘怀，3、结论。
In my life I have met a great many people who are really worth recalling. But perhaps the most unforgettable person I ever know is my English teacher.
What frequently brings back memories of my school teacher is his special qualities. First and foremost, he gave us the greatest gift a teacher can offer—an awakening of a passion for learning. He not only led us to an
appreciation of the beauty and perfection of English language and literature, but also aroused our great interest in exploring something deeper in this field. Furthermore, I was attracted by his lively wit. I remember that we students always anticipated his class with great eagerness because his lecture were humorously delivered, never failing to provoke chuckles or loud laughs.
Although it is nearly two years since I attended his last class, he is the talk of our old classmates, and I know part of him has already stayed in my heart.
10、论说文框架：
Owing to the speedy economic development, the number of people who…has considerably increased/declined. It is universally acknowledged that … plays a crucial role in modern society.
Due attention has to be paid to the issue of…. With the reform and opening－
up in recent decades，people in mounting numbers have come to realize the significance of …. If we let this situation continue as it is, we do not know where humans will be in the forthcoming future.
Accordingly, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures. To begin with, we should appeal to the authorities to make strict laws to …. In addition, we should cultivate the awareness of people that … is essential to us. Only in this way can we reverse this disturbing trend illustrated above.
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