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问题解决型写作
此类作文,考生需在论述中把握某一社会问题就其原因进行分析,并提出相应的解决办法和措施。其基本结构是:
首先,引出要解决的问题及其严重性或必要性,并简要分析其产生的原因;
然后提出解决问题的办法或措施;
最后表明自己的态度,提出建议并展望前景。
历年真题回顾:
? 1) 2000年1月四级作文题
? How I Finance My College Education
1. 上大学的费用(tuition and fees)可以通过多种途径解决.
2. 哪种途径适合于我(说明理由).
? 2001年1月四级作文题
? How to Succeed in a Job Interview?
? 1. 面试在求职过程中的作用
2. 取得面试成功的因素:仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是......
? 2004年1月六级作文题
? Reduce Waste on Campus
? 1.有些大学校园浪费现象日益严重
2.浪费的危害
3.杜绝浪费, 从我做起
? 2005. 6月六级考试作文题目
? Say No to Pirated Products
? 1. 目前盗版的现象比较严重
2. 造成这种现象的原因及危害
3. 我们应该怎么做
? 结构模板:
?Nowadays it is generally accepted that (总述问题.表现一.表现二.)
?There are many reasons accounting for …Special attention should be paid to the fact that … is bringing great damage.On one hand/For one thing, …(原因一/危害一)
? On the other hand/For another …(原因二/危害二 )Therefore, it is high time that …(解决该问题.)
?Many a way can be adopted to …(解决该问题.)/ Many a factor plays an important role in …(解决该问题) Firstly/ First of all , …(方法一/因素一) Secondly/ In addition, …(方法二/因素二)Thirdly/ Besides/ Moreover, …(方法三/因素三)Only through these ways/ only in this way …(该问题才能够解
决)
例文: Say No to Pirated Products
1. 目前盗版的现象比较严重
2. 造成这种现象的原因及危害
3. 我们应该怎么做
Nowadays it is generally accepted that piracy is becoming more and more of a problem in China. Many products, such as tape, CD and hi-tech devices can be copied. Shortly after a newly-developed product is put on the market, people will unsurprisingly find its pirated counterparts in the stores.
Special attention should be paid to the fact that piracy is bringing great damage. On one hand, pirated products often cost far less than the original ones, so they enjoy unbeatable advantage in price in spite of their relatively poor quality, and the original ones, on the contrary, sell poorly. On the other hand, in the long run, pirated products may also have negative impacts on customers since those producers’ enthusiasm may be greatly hurt as a result of money loss. Therefore, it is high time that we solved the problem as soon as possible.
Many a way can be adopted to reduce the piracy phenomenon. First of all, it is the duty of the government to call on everyone to fight the battle against piracy. In addition, as customers, we
should develop our consciousness to resist pirated products. Moreover, strict laws and decrees are of great importance. Only in this way can this problem be solved radically.
文章开头列举现象常用句型
? Nowadays/Currently/Presently there is a growing tendency / a sudden increase …
? Recently the fact/ phenomenon that… has aroused wide concern / has been brought into focus.
? At the age of commercialization, people may easily find/observe/ that … does have a positive/negative impact on our daily life.
列举常用句型
? 1.Firstly…Secondly…Thirdly…
? 2.In the first place, in the second, in the third, (and) best of/worst of all
? 3.First of all, second, third, in short/in sum.
? 4.On one hand…on the other hand
? 5.For one thing…for another…above all things
? 6.To begin/start with, next/besides/moreover/in addition, last/finally/last but not the least
结尾段开始常用词组 ? 1.In short… ? 2.To conclude… ? 3.To sum up… ? 4.To summarize… ? 5.In a word… ? 6.In brief…
大家有时候会发现一个奇怪的现象,两个同样在认真学习的同学,他们学习时间也是一样,但是到了最终的考试,他们的考试成绩会差很多?这是什么原因呢?这其实就是其中的一位同学掌握了学习技巧,那么接下来给大家分享一些关于英语四级备考策略,希望对大家有所帮助。
英语四级备考策略听力:
短对话:在短对话之前会有很久的Direction,这段时间大家有没有好好利用呢?可以在这段“听之无味”的话blabla之际,首先浏览一遍十个短对话的选项,大致推断一下对话的内容,适当地排除一些不可能的选项,这样在对话开始的时候大家也能更好地进入对话情境~
长对话:相比较而言,长对话浏览题目的时间就相对紧张一些,但是大家还是要抓紧时间看选项,必要时候划出关键词或者判断该题可能的问题。如果该题所有选项都是数字大家在听得时候就该动笔多记记关键信息啦,好记性不如烂笔头嘛。另外在听的过程中要注意But,First,Because等重要的连接词以及most等强调的词噢!
短文理解:这部分的考试策略同长对话比较相似,但是没有了男女之间的对话,加之文章主题可能是经济医疗等专业领域的问题,短文理解这块可能会略显枯燥,这时候大家一定要坚持住!抓紧一切时间浏览选项!努力听懂每一句话,特别是要理解开头和结尾段,有可能关键信息就在这里面哦~
短文听写:这是四六级题型改革的一块,与之前的听写句子相比难度相对降低了,但是也不能掉以轻心呐。短文会读三遍,第一遍可以大致记一下熟悉的单词,第二遍慢速的时候尽量全部填写出来,最后一遍是查漏补缺的最后机会,一定要注意时态、单复数、大小写等等,千万不要失分在细节上!如果单词不会拼,那就努力记住单词发音打开你的脑洞吧╮(╯▽╰)╭
听力是考试最不确定的环节,因为你看不到文字,只能靠自己的耳朵来听,这时一定要克服你的紧张情绪,集中注意力,进入旁若无人之境~!
阅读
选词填空:相信这种类型的题目大家在高中阶段应该有所接触,在此就不赘述了,主要方法是将所给单词分为名词、动词、形容词、副词四类,在通读文章时再根据语法或者上下文确定所填单词。
阅读理解:阅读理解的方法因人而异,有人注重正确率而喜欢通读全文,有人注重速度而偏向关键词定位,这里主要介绍一下关键词定位技巧,通过阅读题目中的题干确定关键词,回文章寻找关键词所在段落,并仔细阅读与之相关的内容,注意其中的逻辑关系、句式运用等细节。
配对题:这也是改革后的新题型,要在短时间内看完这么长的一篇文章,对大多数的同学来说是有一定难度的,加之题目肯定不会按照文章的顺序出,而且有干扰段,难度也是有了一定的增加。因此,关键词定位还是成为了我们的首选方法,如按照专有名词、数词、长词与不常见的词定位之外,必须提高解题速度,才能以不变应万变。
写作
在语文界就流行一句话:”一怕文言文、二怕写作文、三怕周树人“,可见作文对几乎所有人来说都是一件令人头疼的事情,连母语作文都Hold不住,那英语作文该怎么办?!
对于英语作文来说同学们可以适当地准备一些模板,也可以有意识地准备一下社会热点、名人名言之类的素材,以备不时之需!
英语四级高分经验听力
听力部分是四六级考试里面最容易拿分数的部分。在听力中,如果听力水平较好,拿高分是不成问题的。所谓的水平好,我觉得只要能听懂voa stand english,应付六级就足够了。作为我个人,我没系统听过历年四六级考试的题目,但是考试估分,听力都是16-18分。
最开始的时候,我连听voa special english都很困难。我的方法是:一个sp要听4-5次,把里面不懂的英语单词的发音,含义全部搞清楚,然后每天坚持2个小时的听力训练,狂攻sp.如果没事,就拿一个MP3吊耳朵,让自己慢慢习惯英语语境。2个月后,我听了一盘四级英语考试磁带,发现自己原来根本听不明白的东西变的简单了。
现在,你已经具备了一定的听力基础。接下来,可以进行一些special的听写,尝试听stand English.这个阶段真是打击你信心的时候^^:听写出现很多拼写错误,stand听起来象天书,然后就想:我的水平还是不行啊,5555~~~不过没关系,其实你已经在进步,只是你没察觉到而已。坚持下去,慢慢就发现自己的听写正确率提高了,而且stand也变得越来越熟悉。当听写special觉得简单的时候,就可以开始尝试听写比较短的stand.如果能坚持进行训练,半年左右,你就已经达到了六级外语听力的要求。因为六级对听力的要求不是特别高,能听懂stand的话,你真是会觉得六级的语音真的挺慢的。
这里说一点,其实考试前听一些历年四六级考试的听力真题,可以帮助你了解题型,熟悉考试模式,所以还是绝对值得的。本人对听力比较自负,所以没怎么听过,结果听力总是拿不到满分。
单词
这是一个老生常谈的话题,大家知道,单词是英语的基础,没有单词,就好象建大厦没有砖头,只能幻想空中楼阁。但是被单词又被大家认为是最难,最枯燥的事情。基础好的朋友可以通过阅读学单词,但是对基础不好的,这点根本行不通。整篇文章都看不太明白,还谈什么学单词呢?既然咱们现在水平不行,就要拿出比别人更多的努力。我考完六级,背单词的草稿纸已经放满了一个大箱子。
大家肯定有这种经验,前不久背了的单词,很快就忘记了,那么该怎么办呢?我当时是每天固定背30-40个左右的单词,第二天复习前一天的单词,然后每个礼拜天,花1小时把一个礼拜的单词复习一下,每一个月又花几个小时把一个月的单词复习一次。
这样下去,半年就能积累比较大的词汇量。在考试前,把单词再温习一次。因为是针对考试,可以找到关于四六级考试的高频词语,重点背诵一下。
对于考试中间的vocabulary,就需要靠做题目了。我考六级的时候,是做的北外出的一本六级考试词汇突破。花一个礼拜把里面的题目全部弄清楚,不懂的单词全部记下来。因为六级往年的经验就是:很多题目是重复的。
阅读
阅读在我看来,就是通过增加阅读量,提高阅读速度,掌握一定的阅读技巧。
最开始的时候,因为基础比较差,太难的文章肯定不适合基础差的朋友。先可以看一些\\\\\\\"书虫\\\\\\\"(高中水平)一类的改编小说,练练感觉。当单词量积累到一定程度以后,就可以正式开始提高阅读水平了。第一是做真题,从四级到六级,力争把真题里的句子、单词都弄明白,并且对其中的难句做一定的分析,特别是语法结构。这里有一个问题:最开始你做题目的时候准确率会很低,千万别灰心,坚持下去,从每一篇阅读里面吸取精华,很快就会发现:阅读真的没那么可怕。第二,对于六级,平时可以看看China daily一类的新闻杂志,即可以提高自己的兴趣,又增强了阅读水平。现在我每天晚上都喜欢看1-2版英文报纸,已经成习惯了。
作文
作文一直是我最弱的项目。虽然我高中语文都是全班前三名,可惜大学根本没摸过语文书,丢光了。如果你按照上面三个方面去学习,你作文肯定不会很差劲,毕竟英语是一个综合提高的过程,你听力、阅读,单词都不错,不可能作文会差得一塌糊涂。
但是这不代表不要努力。这里我记得一个六级提高班的英语老师说过的一句话:读书破万卷,下笔如有神。作文一个字:背!如果你背了很多很多范文,作文不会低于6分的。但是我建议在背的同时,可以用一个小本子,把一些很精彩的句子抄下来,经常看看,并举一反三。同样一个句子,用在不同的地方,会有什么不同的效果呢?自己体会一下。而且这些精彩句子正是出彩之处,也是老师给你高分的依据。
英语四级怎样才能拿高分1、听力一定要练,只要你把近几年听力部分都练习一遍,你就会发现很多规律,比如说火车or飞机总会晚点;邀请女士总是被拒绝;教授的讲座一定难;要做的作业一定多……
2、虽然听力改革了,但是改革只是小部分的,以前的真题听力还是建议去听,MP3格式下载到手机上听很方便;
3、真题是一定要做的,而且真题一定要够详细,文章讲解要细,答案解析也要细,
4、再来说说做题技巧吧,阅读题细节题每年必考地方是列举处,即有first,second,in
addition……的地方,还有举例与打比方的地方,即有as,such ,for instance等出现的地方;5、有几个做题经验:照抄原文的一般不是答案,同义词替换的是;选项表达意义具体,句子较长的一般不是答案,而概括性的、抽象的是答案;选项中有绝对语气词的比如must,never,merely等不是答案,正确答案一般表达不会太绝对;
6、语义判断题要注意,选项含义与被考单词在含义上肤浅相近的一般不是答案;
7、选项中采用试探性,不十分绝对语气词的比如tend
to ,often等一般是答案;8、写作很好复习,背几个模板范文问题不大,尤其是开头和结尾,要写好,内容要有层次,善用序数词和连接词;
9、最好是积累一些谚语,和一些好的长句式,这都能为文章加分,千万不能通篇都是
i think,一定要把语法凝练的高大上一点,避免用那些低阶的词汇和语法;10、在考试前多刷真题练手,总结题型,这样在考试中遇到类似的题型的时候自己就不在那么的慌乱。
英语四级写作高分模板(1)
对比观点题型
(1) 要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。
1.有一些人认为……
累了,休息下,去考试大在线网上辅导逛逛
2.另一些人认为……
3.我的看法……
The topic of ①________(主题)is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②________(支持A的理由一)What is more, ③________(理由二). Moreover, ④________(理由三).
While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,________(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),⑥____________. Thirdly (finally),⑦____________(理由二)
(理由三).
From my point of view, I think ⑧________(我的观点). The reason is that ⑨____________(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .
(2) 给出一个观点,要求考生反对这一观点Some people believe that ①________(观点
一). For example, they think ②________(举例说明).And it will bring them ③________(为他们带来的好处).
In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④____(我不同意该看法
. For another thing, ⑤____ Form all what I have said,I agree to the 的理由一)(反对的理由之二).
thought that ⑥____(我对文章所讨论主题的看法).英语六级考试写作技巧
英语四级写作高分模板(2)
阐述主题题型
要求从一句话或一个主题出发,按照提纲的要求进行论述.
1. 阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义.
2. 分析并举例使其更充实.
The good old proverb ________(名言或谚语)reminds us that ________(释义). Indeed, we can learn many things form it.
First of all,________(理由一). For example, ____________(举例说明). Secondly,________(理由二). Another case is that ________(举例说明). Furthermore , ____________(理由三).英语四级英译汉的目的,要求和评分
In my opinion, ________(我的观点). In short, whatever you do, please remember the say____A. If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you”ll necessarily benefit a lot from it.
英语四级写作高分模板(3)
解决方法题型
要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径
1. 问题现状英语四级英译汉的目的,要求和评分
2. 怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)
In recent days, we have to face I problem——A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ________(说明A的现状).Second, ________(举例进一步说明现状) Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ________(解决方法一). For another ________(解决方法二). Finally, ________(解决方法三).
Personally, I believe that ________(我的解决方法). Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ________(带来的好处).
英语四级写作高分模板(4)
说明利弊题型
这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状,再对比事物本身的利弊,有时也会单从一个角度(利或弊)出发,最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度(或对事物前景提出预测)
1. 说明事物现状
2. 事物本身的优缺点(或一方面)
3. 你对现状(或前景)的看法
Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First ________(A的优点之一). Besides ____________(A的优点之二).
But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ________(A的第一个缺点).To make matters worse,____________(A的第二个缺点).
Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to ________(我的看法).
(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way, ________(对前景的预测).
英语四级写作高分模板(5)
议论文的框架
(1) 不同观点列举型( 选择型 )
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand, ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的议论文
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, \\\"every coin has two sides\\\", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____ 缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
(3)答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.英语四级英译汉的目的,要求和评分
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.
(4) 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb: \\\" ___谚语_______\\\" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically )
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.
大学英语四级考试写作指南:解析常考题型,力求高分突破 作者:石雷鹏 英语应用语言学硕士,北京新东方学校国内考试部四六级写作教师 时间:2011-03-30
四级写作
写作是大学英语四级考试的必考项目。为了帮助大家应对六月的四级写作考试,北京新东方学校的石雷鹏老师从命题特点、评分方法、常考题型和高分突破四个方面出发,对四级写作进行立体化解析。
命 题 形 式
写作是主观题,也是四级考试的第一道题。要求考生在答题卡Ⅰ上作答,所占分值为全卷的15%。
根据《大学英语四级考试大纲》(2006年修订版),写作部分测试学生用英语进行书面表达的能力,要求在30分钟内完成一篇不低于120词的短文。
题目一般包含两个部分:英文指令和汉语提纲。英文指令的主要信息是体
裁要求和文章话题。汉语提纲一般为三点,有时为两点。通常,当提纲为两点时,建议考生自己补充为三点。
以2008年12月四级写作为例:
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic, Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags. You should write at least 120 words. Follow the outline given below:
1. 一次性塑料袋曾被广泛地使用
2. 造成的问题
3. 限制使用的意义
评 分 方 法
四级写作采用总体评分法,阅卷人员就总体印象给出奖励分。评分标准共计五个档次:2分、5分、8
分、11分和14分。其中14分档次作文的要求是:切题,表达思想清楚,文字通顺、连贯,基本无语言错误,仅有个别小错。
而对文章的评判主要从内容和语言两个方面进行。考生想在写作部分取得理想分数,则需从三方
面入手:内容切题、结构清晰和语言精彩。三方面中,内容切题是基本要求,结构清晰体现为有层次的段落。在满足前两个条件的基础上,语言质量决定写作成绩的高低。
语言精彩主要表现在三个方面:遣词、造句、连贯。
遣词:要注重用词的多变和亮点词汇的使用,如:important可以替换为 indispensable;more and more people可以替换为an increasing number of people;I think that 可以替换为I am convinced that。
造句:句子结构切勿单一不变,要富有变化,要注意长短句结合,并适当运用定语从句、名词性从句、强调句式、同位语等。
连贯:主要体现为过渡词的准确使用。如:to begin with,moreover,furthermore,however,so,first,second 等词语的运用使逻辑思路清晰可见。
常 考 题 型 及 写 作 思 路
四级写作常考的话题主要为两类:校园类和社会类。校园话题含绿色校园、选修课、社团活动等;社会话题为博物馆、环境、娱乐活动等。
四级写作体裁主要有三种:论说文、应用文及图表作文。1990年至2010年42次四级写作中三种体裁的分布如下:
由此可见,四级写作考查重点是论说文。
1. 论说文
论说文有三种:问题解决型、观点对比型和现象描述型。其中问题解决型是近年来考查次数最多的。
(1)观点对比型
该类作文是2011年重点备考类型,因为从2008年12月至2010年12月连续五次均考“问题解决型”作文,改换类型几率较高。
但要注意的是,现在的“观点对比
型”作文在命题思路上和2000年以前的题目已经有所不同。
传统观点对比型:正方观点 +反方观点+我的看法;
现在的观点对比型:现象描述+观点(利弊)分析+我的看法。所以,切勿把以前的写作模板套用在新的考试中。
下面,以2008年6月份真题为例介绍该类作文的破题思路:
Recreational activities
1)娱乐活动多种多样
2)娱乐活动可能使人们受益,也可能有危害性
3)作为大学生我的看法
范文
首段:描述现象+ 观点阐述(利)+原因
Living in the era of information and technology, individuals have access to a variety of recreational activities. Some people argue that it is absolutely necessary for people to participate in these activities, because they bring many benefits.
Furthermore, some feel that by not participating in such activities, people deprive themselves of the chance to release their work and study pressures. Moreover, recreational activities are a great way to socialize and make new friends.
第二段:观点阐述(弊) +原因
Beneficial as these activities may be, others take the opposite view. First, they argue that taking part in recreational activities demands a great deal of time, money and energy; therefore, people’s work may be adversely affected. In addition, many teachers and parents are concerned that some games (gambling or computer games) may negatively affect teenagers’ studies.
尾段:我的看法(观点阐述)+具体说明(理由)
So, who is right? I think there are valid points on both sides of the argument.
However, I am convinced that work or study should come first. Once we have taken care of our responsibilities, we are free to relax by taking part in positive
recreational activities.
(2)问题解决型
问题解决型作文是近年重点,也是2011年6月四级备考次重点。其写作思路一般可以总结为:现象(问题)描述+原因(危害)分析+建议措施(我的看法)。
以2010年6月份真题为例介绍该类题型的破题思路:
Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling
1)如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写
2)出现这种情况的原因
3)如何避免这一问题
范文
首段:问题描述(背景+描述+总结)
In the modern world, English has become indispensable. However, it appears that students are paying less attention to spelling than ever before. This is causing problems for students and teachers alike.
第二段:原因分析(主题句+原因1+原因2)
There are several possible reasons for this phenomenon. To begin with, students tend to type their essays on computers, which can automatically correct spelling mistakes. In addition, most English tests contain multiple-choice questions, which do not test students’ spelling ability.
尾段:建议措施(主题句+建议1+建议2)
To tackle this issue, I am convinced that “Practice makes perfect”. First, all English learners – whether they are in primary school, middle school or college – should take regular spelling tests. Also, I suggest reforming English exams so that correct spelling becomes a basic requirement.
(3)现象描述型
该类作文针对社会或校园话题(非负面问题)展开讨论,在近年考查较少。2007年12月就是典型的现象描述型作
文,真题如下:
What Electives to Choose
1)各学校开设了各种各样的选修课
2)学生选课有不同的原因
3)就我而言
以一道四级模拟题为例说明该类作文的破题思路:
Volunteering activities
1)越来越多的人从事志愿者工作
2)志愿者工作的社会意义
3)作为大学生,应该怎么做
范文
首段:现象描述(引入现象+具体描述+总结现象)
In recent years, the volunteering spirit has swept across China. Youngsters in
particular have been keen to offer their services. According to one survey, in 2010, there were about 70,000 volunteers for the Shanghai World Expo. An increasing number of people become volunteers every year in China.
第二段:意义阐述(主题句 + 具体意义)
Volunteering offers tremendous benefits to both volunteers themselves and society in general. Volunteering gives people opportunities to broaden their outlook, as well as cultivate a sense of responsibility. For society as a whole, volunteers play an active role in constructing a more harmonious society. Their efforts have made our society a more pleasant place.
尾段:我的看法(主题句+具体建议)
Today’s college students are well advised to take an active part in voluntary activities. By doing so, we can learn how to work well in a team, improve our
interpersonal skills and organizational ability. Undoubtedly, all of these are critical for our personal growth. So, we should definitely take this chance to learn and grow.
2. 应用文和图表作文
应用文和图表作文的写作虽然不是近年四级考试的考查重点,但它们也是考试大纲和教学大纲中规定的考查内容,所以也不能忽视。
常见的应用文写作包括书信、通知、海报、交通事故见证书、演讲词。
复习的重点在于掌握其格式,特别是开头和结尾的惯用表达方式。若应用文给出提纲,则只需在
满足格式要求的前提下,按照提纲要求进行写作即可。
值得一提的是,复习四级考试的应用文,对于现行的研究生入学英语考试写作部分的小作文很有帮助。
图表作文是近年来四级写作中出现频率最低的一类作文,最近一次考查是在2002年6月。
建议大家在考前复习首段描述图表的写法,因为其他段落的写法与论说文无异。
高 分 突 破
考前备考环节有一个科学的方法至关重要,建议大家复习写作时可从以下几个方面着手:
1.翻译范文。将范文先翻译成中
文,再将所译中文翻译回英文,再对比范文找出差距,揣摩范文的表达。
2.模拟练习。在30分钟内完成作
文,之后自己修改找出错误或不足,再对比范文或请老师修改找出不足。
3.考前重点积累常用词汇及表
达,而非写作模板。通过积累提高自己驾驭语言的能力。
4.认真复习历年真题作文,了解四级写作常考话题。认真观察生活,留心生活,了解大家关心的校园或社会话题,对这些话题进行思考。
四级考试作文 写作方法
作文评分标准
满分15分。分五等:2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。
2分 — 条理不清,思路紊乱,语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误,且多数为严重错误。
5分 — 基本切题。表达思路不清楚,连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 8分 — 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚,文字勉强连贯;语言错误相当多,其中有一些是严重错误。
11分 — 切题。表达思路清楚,文字连贯,但有少量语言错误。
14分 — 切题。表达思想清楚,文字通顺,连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误,仅有个别小错。
写作方法(以四级出现最多的提纲式(三段式)作文,议论文为主)
(一)抛开句子的构成、段落的展开、各类文体作文的写作技巧等理论不说,单就实用的原则来看,写四级作文应注意的主要方面有五:1.切题2.干净3.减少错误4.开门见山5.闪光点。
1.切题。作文不跑题,似乎是老生常谈,但并非像想象的那般轻而易举。 例如:Benefits of Sports(运动的好处)。有些考生在列举了一系列运动的优点之后,又写道:“运动固然好处很多,但也应避免运动的过量,否则,过量的运动还是有害的。它可以使人过度疲劳,损害心肌,拉伤大腿,等等。”殊不知,这样写着写着,已跑题了。本文要求你写运动的“好处”,至于其“副作用”或“坏处”,根本不应在文章的讨论范围之内。
又如:有的考生写“How university graduates find work”一文,竟写成了自己喜欢什么样的工作。这样一来,你词汇量再大,语法知识再好,也只能是“南辕北辙”了。假如把文章的重点放在“如何”一词上,就算抓住了要害。比如如何去面试,如何写自我简介,如何进行自我包装和推销,等等。
2.干净。作文是人改的,人是有情感的。自然喜欢干净讨厌潦草肮脏。阅卷人员每人每天要批改上百份试卷。你的作文如果潦草不清,成片涂改,他们会费力地去辨别甚至猜想你的本意吗? 因此,作文干不干净不是一个战术性小事,而成了 1
一个战略性问题。
记住,把你的作文写得干净整齐就等于向阅卷人员发送一个信息———“我尊重你的辛勤劳动!”这对自己作文的得分,不是很有帮助吗?
3.减少错误。写作过程中碰到自己不会写或拿不准的词或句型,是写还是不写? 我们的看法是,尽可能不写,可以采取避开或用别的替代的方法,英语中叫做“play safe”。
四级作文万一写不太高明,那也首先要保证减少错误:尽量让你的作文做到无懈可击!
例如:About Hong Kong①The Present State②Hong Kong s Past③Its Future 让我们以第一段香港的“现状”为例来看一下: it “the pearl in the east”.
其中,当你写到prosperous,diligent,unique,booming等词的时候,若是拿不准,怎么办呢?
这时,脑子要学会急转弯,可以用busy,hard-working,special来替代。尽管busy并不能完全代表prosperous的意思,但是,车水马龙、热闹繁忙的景象,还是可以基本上表达出来的。
需要指出的是,“play safe”并不意味着我们不必下苦功去记一些必要的、十分基本的词汇,有些词的使用率很高,比如computer,environment,efficiency等,是避不开的。还有的考生上了考场,连modern,society,pollution,甚至benefit这类词都拼写不准,那就不能不给人一个基本功太差的印象。
4.开门见山。5.闪光点。
这两个术语是什么意思呢?
让我们看一看“Good Health”这篇作文。①Importance of good health ②Ways to keep fit. ③My own practices.
先看第一段“好身体的重要性”,有的考生写道:“With the rapid development of our economy,with the improvement of our living standard,with more and more people s realization of the importance of good health,now people are attaching
greater importance to their health.”“随着经济的飞速发展,随着人民生活的改善,随着大家对健康的重要性的了解,?”不要忘记,四级作文总共才要你写百十来个字,你一开头就罗罗嗦嗦说了三四十个字,还没有说到正题上,多么不得要领。切记,好的作文应该单刀直入,直截了当。不要兜圈子,绕弯子,第一句话最好就采用“topic sentence”,点明主题,重点突出———这叫“开门见山”。 因此,我们上来就应该写:
“Good health is important to everyone.”
“开门见山”之后,也就是旗帜鲜明地亮出自己的观点之后,下面我们应该用事例来支持自己的观点,这些事例,就叫做“闪光点”,如果事例很多,还可以采用“First”,“Second”,“Third”这类的排列方法。
有的考生会说,写议论文先端出论点,再给出论据,这我知道,但是,有时候我想不起来事实或例子来支持自己的结论怎么办?
这时,有两个相当重要的词汇大家应该铭记在心———“with”和“without”,尤其是后一个,议论文中几乎可以算是一把开启各式门锁的“万能钥匙”。如:Good health is very important to everyone. With it,we can study hard; We can serve the country; We can do everything as we like. Without good health,everybody knows,we will fail to do things; We can’t work efficiently; We may stay in hospital; We’ll become a burden of our family,etc.
记住,with、without不是在说废话,而是在用“正证法”和“反证法”来论述事情。我们再看第二段“保持健康的方法”。
In my opinion,there are two ways for me to keep fit. First,we must eat a balanced diet. That is to say—we must eat not only eggs,fish,meat but also some vegetables and fruit everyday. Besides eating,drinking clean water is also important. Never get addicted to drinking the so-called “soft drinks”. Second,exercising is a vital part of our daily life. We can do some running in the morning and play football in the afternoon.
至于第三段,“我的实践”,有的考生会问:“写点什么呢?”不要忘记,第二段中提到“吃”与“锻炼”是保持健康的最佳途径,那么,第三段还写“吃”与“锻练”———我自己是怎么做的,不就行了吗? 还有人会说:“我以前做得不
好,那我就写自己的决心和保证吧!”
“From today on,I will...;I will...;”或者“I plan to do it as follows...”那叫“我的实践”吗?
顶多算是“我的希望”或“我的计划”。这样写就跑题了。可见,切题不仅是指全文,三段中的每一段也存在是否切题这样一个问题。
有的考生这样写第三段,就基本上可以说是达到要求了:
As a university student,I pay much attention to my physical exerciser. I do some swimming in Summer and some skating in Winter,I often play badminton and tennis. I’m also careful with my diet. In a word,keeping healthy is not very hard if you just take it seriously.
(二)有人可能会问:知道了这几项原则,上了考场我为什么还是写不出来呢?这就牵涉到英文作文的两大考试目的了。
英文作文到底要考大家什么? 主要考查你的两大方面———思路表达与英文水平。
有的考生一拿到作文题常常会抓耳挠腮,不知道该写些什么,肚里空空如也,这叫做:“没有思路”;也有的人,思路倒有,只是“英文水平”较低;当然,更有一些人“思路”没有,“英文”也不怎么样,要拿高分,其难度就可想而知了。下面,我们分别来谈谈“思路”与“英文”这两件事。
大家知道,到了考场上,作文的第一件事是———思路。有些人,没有思路,只好随心所欲,信手写去,写着写着,自己也不知道写到哪里了。这种作文,难道会条理清楚?难道会中心突出?又怎么能做到干净整洁,不乱涂乱画?因此,拿到作文后的第一件事就是要审题并列出一个提纲。这就好比家中要待客先列出一份菜单一样。菜单列好后,按单去把菜买好,这就叫“素材”,再炒好端上桌,就叫“英文表达”了。
没有菜单,再高明的作家也会“巧妇难为无米之炊”的。列“菜单”,即作文的提纲不必过长,寥寥数语,中、英文皆可。
例如作文“Electricity and Our Daily Life”. ①Electricity is essential in our daily life. ②If there were no electricity,... ③Therefore,...
【Outline】
①电的用途:提供动力/照明/日常生活。②假如没有电:生产/生活,都会受到影响。③因此,我们要节约用电。
Electricity is essential in our daily life. It runs the machines in factories; It starts the vehicles and light the streets and rooms. With it,we can watch TV,listen to the tape recorder,cook meals or store food in the fridge. In a word,it helps us a lot in our daily life.
If there were no electricity,all the machines would stop working. At night,it would be very dark. We would have to wash our clothes with our hands. Students would use oil lamps to do their homework. We would live as our ancestors did centuries ago. Therefore,electricity is very important to us. Our life cannot go on without it,not to mention the construction of our country. Our country is short of electricity,now. So,everybody should try to save it.
(三)提纲列出之后,下一步就是用比较标准的英文将你想要说的意思表达出来,这就需要有较好的英文基本功底:包括单词、句子结构、语法、词组等等。下面,大家先看两篇作文,其思路还算清晰,文章比较切题,层次也很合理,但是,单就其语言文字方面,有哪些主要问题呢?
【例】 Traffic in Big Cities
1.Traffic has become a social problem in big cities. 2. One way to solve this problem is... 3.Another way is...
Traffic has become a social problem in big cities. Of course,have a car is a good thing,but if every person own a car,the streets will became too crowded. So,traffic jams occurred during the rush hours and accidents happened more often.
One way to solve this problem is develop public transportation system. For example,we should buy more buses and we should built more roads,especially round-the-city roads And underground trains is also a good solution. Another way is to reduce the big city s population. Our country population control is a wise and necessary policy. If
big city people reduce,traffic will less crowded.
第一句抄起始句,无问题。第二句,作者想说:“有车是件好事。”于是就采取了汉语的表达方式:“have a car is a good thing”,但英文就大错特错了。须知,英文的主语一般只能是四部分组成:名词(含代词)、动名词ving、动词不定式to及句子。动词have是万万不能当主语的。所以,至少应改为“having”。接下来,every person那动词own自然应该加“s”了。streets will后面动词用原形become,第三行so大写“s”,Traffic Jams occurred and accidents happened.动词完全不需要用过去式,那样,就给人以一种:“事情已过去了,现在已经不堵车,也没有交通事故了”的印象。所以,切记,议论文中使用过去式 一定要合理,不要滥用。
第二段“One way to solve this problem is to develop...”才行。一般来说,每句话只应有一个谓语动词(并列时当成一个看),所以,有了“is”,
“develop”必须消掉(消动词有三招,to v,ving,ved过去分词)。We should build...,And应小写。underground trains is...主谓语不协调或改为trains are,或改为train is,后者更好些,因为此处不是在查数,而是在讲一种情况:“地铁”这种形式,是一个好办法。
末一段可改为:
Our country s population control is a wise and necessary policy. If the number of the people in big cities is reduced,traffic will become less crowded.
综上所述,一篇英文要想写得很地道,起码应注意以下几个方面:
①主语是上述四部分之一吗?
②谓语动词是一个吗?(每句话一个,从句也算一句话)这个动词时态、语态、语气正确吗? 若是在shall,will,must,may,can等情态或助动词后,用原形了吗? 除了这个谓语之外的其它动词消掉了吗?(叫做动词的非谓语形式) ③主语与谓语一致吗?
④及物动词或介词后,使用宾语的形式了吗?(主、系表除外)
⑤定语或状语的位置放的合理吗?
⑥从句的引导词 使用恰当吗?
⑦单词有没有拼写错误?
(四)现在,我们已经知道了作文大体上怎样写:
①审题并列出提纲(约5分钟)
②开始写:(1)切题(2)干净(3)少犯错误(4)开门见山(5)闪光点(约20分钟)
③交卷前检查(1)拼写错误(2)语法错误等(约5分钟)
两种观点 比较对照 型 文章 模板
第一段, 开门见山。
第二段,
主题句(第一句) As for whether …, people have different opinions.
第二句Some people argue / believe / claim that / hold the opinion that… 第一种观点和理由。
However, others hold that… (Others, on the contrary, think that… ) 第二种观点和理由。
或者
People have quite diverse views on whether ...
Those who are in favor of / approve of 第一种观点… argue / claim that 理由… However, others hold that… (Others, on the contrary, think that… ) 第二种观点和理由。
第三段, 我的观点,上面两种观点,取其一。
As far as I am concerned / Personally, I side with / share the opinion of the former / latter. It is undeniable that…, however…
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