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新东方强力推荐十大必背范文
新东方强力推荐十大必背范文，抓紧啦，时间不多哦
1、致辞：
Directions: Write a speech on the opening of a conference of no less than 120 words. In your speech, you should：1、进行自我介绍，2、详细介绍大会内容，
3、结束语。
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Beijing! To begin with, I would like to make a brief introduction to myself. I am the president of Motorola (China) Electronics Ltd.
The following is my introduction to the conference. First, it is my great honor to be here with all of you and declare open the Conference of International Trade Cooperation. Second, on behalf of our company, I would like to express my heartfelt welcome to all the guests and delegates. Last, I believe our cooperative efforts are sure to be productive.
I wish all of you enjoy yourselves during this conference and hope the above information will help you. If you have any question for me, please feel free to ask at any time. Thank you for your attention.
2、求职信/求学信：
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter applying for a position of a company. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese：1、申请职位，2、简要介绍自己的情况，3、期待回信。
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am senior from the Department of Business Administration of Beijing
University. I am writing the letter in purpose of applying for admission into your esteemed institution/your recently advertised position for a staff member.
I am sure that I am qualified for it. First, enclosed with this letter is my resume, which further details my previous academic qualifications and work experience.
Second, not only do my qualifications and experience make me a perfect candidate for it, my cheerful personality is well suited to studying in your prestigious university/working as a staff member. Last, my hobbies include sports and music.
Words fail me when I try to express my heartfelt gratitude to the help you rendered me. Your prompt and favorable attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
3、邀请信：
Directions: You want to invite some friends to a party. Write an invitation letter to them individually：1、邀请参加晚会，2、说明举办晚会的原因，3、将安排哪些活动。
Dear Wangcai,
I am greatly honored to formally invite you to participate in Mr. Old Fish’s wedding ceremony with Ms. Fujiwora to be held at Beijing Grand Hotel from 8 to 10 p.m. on April 1, 2007.
As you are a close friend of us, we would very much like you to attend the celebration and share our joy. The occasion will start at seven o’clock in the evening, with the showing of their wedding ceremony. This will be followed by a dinner party. At around ten, we will hold a small musical soiree, at which a band will perform some works by Bach and Strauss.
If you do not have any prior appointment on April 1, we look forward to the pleasure of your company.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
4、个人简历：
Directions: Write of resume of yourself of no less than 120 words. In it, you should：1、说明姓名、地址、联系方式、求职目标，2、教育背景、工作经历、资历，3、所获奖励、特长，以及个人资料。
RESUME
Li Ming
P. O. Box 237, Beijing University
5, Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871
Tel: 62768888 Email: liming@163.com
Career Objective: A position with management potential in the
banking business specializing in international corporate financing
Educational Background:
Sept 2003 toBeijing University
July 2007Major in International Business Management
Main courses include English,
computer,Business Management, Accounting, International Commercial Law Work Experience:
July 2006 toBank of China
June 2007Internship, Secretary to Deputy Manager of MarketingDraft business correspondence
Schedule deputy manager’s appointments
Qualifications:University graduation certificate and
bachelordegree to be conferred upon graduation (2007)College English Test Band 4June 2005
Honors & Awards:Twice awarded scholarship by Beijing
University2005& 2006
Special Skills:Familiarity with Microsoft Word, Excel
Ability to work independently
Outstanding Organizational skills
Experience:President of Student Union2003－present
Personal Data:Date of Birth: Sep. 17, 1984
Gender: Female
Marital Status: Unmarried
5、告示：
Directions: The Students’ Union of your department is planning a Chinese Speaking Contest. Write an announcement which covers the following
information：1、比赛目的、时间、地点，2、参赛者的要求，3、裁判和奖励的细节。
You should write about 120 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of
the letter. Use Department of Chinese Language and Literature at the end of the announcement.
Chinese Speaking Contest
December 22, 2007
To improve students’ ability to speak Chinese and enrich after-class activities, the Students’ Union of Department of Chinese Language and Literature is
organizing a school-wide Chinese speaking contest to be held on Saturday next week (29 December) at the Students’ Auditorium. Those who are interested in taking part in it may sign up with the monitor of their classes before Tuesday next week. Five professors will be invited to be judges. The first six winners will be given awards. Everybody is welcome to be present at the contest.
The Students’ Union
Department of Chinese Language and Literature
6、就业：
Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Jobs for Graduates. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below：1、大学生难找工作，2、原因很多，3、解决的办法。
Job hunting has always been a headache for college students. Though many graduates are employed right after graduation, some are not. Most serious of all, some still have no idea where to go working even a long time after graduation.
The reasons for this phenomenon are various. On the one hand, a few years ago colleges and universities enrolled so many students in popular majors, such as economy, finance and so on that the number of graduates was greater than the need in the market. On the other hand, most graduates would rather stay in large cities without suitable job to do than go to the country.
I reckon this problem can be solved if both colleges and students take
measures. First, they should research the market and develop special skills to suit its need. Second, students’ attitude towards employment should be
changed. They should go to small cities and country. There they can also give full play to their professional knowledge. In a word, if we pay much attention, the situation can be improved.
7、考试：
Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My Views on Examinations. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below：1、大学都用考试来衡量学生的成绩，2、考生可能带来的副作用，3、我对考试的看法。
In most colleges and universities the examination is used as a chief means of deciding whether a student succeeds or fails in mastering a particular subject. Although it does the job quite efficiently, its side effects are also enormous.
To begin with, examinations lower the standards of teaching. Since teachers are often judged by examination results, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques. No subjects can be taught successfully merely through being approached with intent to take examinations. In addition, the most undesirable effect is that examinations encourage bad study habits. As the examination score is the only criterion for his academic performance, a student is driven to memorize mechanically rather than to think creatively.
In fact, few of us admit that examinations can contribute anything really important to the students’ academic development. If that is the case, why cannot we make a change and devise something more efficient and reliable than examinations?
8、读后感：
Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My Favorite Novel. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below：1、我最喜爱的小说，2、该小说的内容，3、我为什么喜爱。
My favorite novel is Around the World in Eighty Days which is written by Jules Verne. The author was born in France and devoted himself to literature and wrote several scientific romances, which gained him the name——Father of Modern Science Fiction.
This is a book of science fiction which tells us an exciting story about an English gentleman, Mr. Phileas Fogg, who makes a bet with his clubmates and manages to travel around the world in eighty days. It gives us a vivid
description of the many difficulties and incidents which happen on his journey.
From this story, we can see the author’s deep love for the sea, travel and adventure, which played a vital role in his life. We are also astonished and convinced by his fertile imagination and scientific and geographical knowledge.
9、难忘的人：
Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The most unforgettable Person I ever Know. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below：1、我生活中最难忘的人是，2、为什么他（或她）令我难以忘怀，3、结论。
In my life I have met a great many people who are really worth recalling. But perhaps the most unforgettable person I ever know is my English teacher.
What frequently brings back memories of my school teacher is his special qualities. First and foremost, he gave us the greatest gift a teacher can offer—an awakening of a passion for learning. He not only led us to an
appreciation of the beauty and perfection of English language and literature, but also aroused our great interest in exploring something deeper in this field. Furthermore, I was attracted by his lively wit. I remember that we students always anticipated his class with great eagerness because his lecture were humorously delivered, never failing to provoke chuckles or loud laughs.
Although it is nearly two years since I attended his last class, he is the talk of our old classmates, and I know part of him has already stayed in my heart.
10、论说文框架：
Owing to the speedy economic development, the number of people who…has considerably increased/declined. It is universally acknowledged that … plays a crucial role in modern society.
Due attention has to be paid to the issue of…. With the reform and opening－
up in recent decades，people in mounting numbers have come to realize the significance of …. If we let this situation continue as it is, we do not know where humans will be in the forthcoming future.
Accordingly, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures. To begin with, we should appeal to the authorities to make strict laws to …. In addition, we should cultivate the awareness of people that … is essential to us. Only in this way can we reverse this disturbing trend illustrated above.
关于茶的英语作文初中为范文网的会员投稿推荐，但愿对你的学习工作带来帮助。
在中国，茶具有非常悠久的历史，并且已经形成了中国茶文化。与此同时，茶有益于我们的健康，因此受到许多人的喜爱。下面给大家分享一些关于茶的英语作文初中，希望对大家有帮助。
关于茶的英语作文初中1\\\\\\\"When a guest comes to my home from afar on a cold night, I light bamboo toboil tea to offer him.”— Ancient Chinese poem.
China is the home country of tea.Before the Tang Dynasty, Chinese tea wasexported by land and sea, first to Japan and Korea, then to India and CentralAsia and, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, to the Arabian Peninsula.In the earlyperiod of the 17th century, Chinese tea was exported to Europe, where the upperclass adopted the fashion of drinking tea.Chinese tea—like Chinese silk andchina—has become synonymous worldwide with refined culture.At the heart of theculture of tea—the study and practice of tea in all its aspects—is the simplegesture of offering a cup of tea to a guest that for Chinese people today is afundamental social custom, as it has been for centuries.
China traces the development of tea as an art form to Lu Yu, known as \\\\\\\"theSaint of Tea\\\\\\\" in Chinese history, who lived during the Tang Dynasty and whowrote The Book of Tea, the first ever treatise on tea and tea culture.Thespirit of tea permeates Chinese culture, and throughout the country there aremany kinds of teas, teahouses, tea legends, tea artifacts and tea customs.Better-known places to enjoy a good cup of tea in China include Beijing notedfor its variety of teahouses; Fujian and Guangdong provinces and other places inthe southeast of China that serve gongfu tea, a formal serving of tea in tinycups; the West Lake in Hangzhou, also the home of the Tea ConnoisseursAssociation, noted for its excellent green tea; and provinces in southwest Chinalike Yunnan where the ethnic groups less affected by foreign cultures retain teaceremonies and customs in original tea-growing areas.
关于茶的英语作文初中2Since I started my major in the tea culture of ChinaI have been deeplyimpressed by its sophistication and beauty.I would like to share somefascinating aspects of the tea culture of China.
In a country with the history of five thousand yearsthe Chinese teadrinking habit dated back to the Tang Dynasty (618-907AD).It became a nationaltradition and led to development of a delicate tea drinking ritual.Over thecenturiespoets and artists in China wrote many marvelous masterpiecesinappreciation of tea and Chinese people’s constant love of tea drinking .One ofthe best-known writers is Lu Yuwho was regarded as the “Tea Sage ” for hecomposed the first book on tea.In his classic bookhe detailed his studies ofteasuch as the origin of teatea toolstea pickingtea cookingtea ceremony andwell-known areas where tea was grown.And the valuable knowledge he recorded haslaid foundation for modern tea culture development.
based on ways in which tea leaves are processedthere are five distincttypes of tea.They are as follow:the green teathe black teathe Wulong teathecompressed tea and the scented tea.Among themmay foreigners are familiar withthe green tea.The Longjing teaof the green typehas a reputation.
关于茶的英语作文初中3In China , tea has a very long history and has formed the Chinese teaculture.At the same time, tea is beneficial to our health, thus it is wellreceived by many people.Chinese tea culture is both extensive and profound,which not only contains the level of material culture, but also includes a deeplevel of spiritual civilization.Referring to Chinese tea, we can trace it backto ancient times, which flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties, Since then,the spirit of tea has penetrated into the court and society, going deep intoChinese poetry, painting, calligraphy , religion and medicine.For thousands ofyears, China has accumulated a great deal of culture in tea cultivation andproduction, moreover, enriching the spiritual culture of tea.
关于茶的英语作文初中4It is 4,000 years since the Chinese began to grow and drink tea.
There’re many kinds of tea in China, of which Longjing Tea is famous allover the world.
Tea is usually drunk in tea sets.A tea set is made up of a tea pot andsome teacups, which are both made of china.
Most Chinese are fond of drinking tea.Tea is served not only at tea houseand restaurants but also at home.People also drink tea during breaks at officesor factories.
关于茶的英语作文初中5Since I started my major in the tea culture of ChinaI have been deeplyimpressed by its sophistication and beauty.I would like to share somefascinating aspects of the tea culture of China.
In a country with the history of five thousand yearsthe Chinese teadrinking habit dated back to the Tang Dynasty (618-907AD).It became a nationaltradition and led to development of a delicate tea drinking ritual.Over thecenturiespoets and artists in China wrote many marvelous masterpiecesinappreciation of tea and Chinese people’s constant love of tea drinking .One ofthe best-known writers is Lu Yuwho was regarded as the “Tea Sage ” for hecomposed the first book on tea.In his classic bookhe detailed his studies ofteasuch as the origin of teatea toolstea pickingtea cookingtea ceremony andwell-known areas where tea was grown.And the valuable knowledge he recorded haslaid foundation for modern tea culture development.
based on ways in which tea leaves are processedthere are five distincttypes of tea.They are as follow:the green teathe black teathe Wulong teathecompressed tea and the scented tea.Among themmay foreigners are familiar withthe green tea.The Longjing teaof the green typehas a reputation.
英语作文写作技巧
1. 动笔之前，认真审题
《中考考试说明》指出，书面表达要切中题意。怎样才能切中题意？就是要认真审题，看到考题后，先不要急于动笔，要仔细看清题目要求的内容。在自己的头脑中构思出一个框架或画面，确定短文的中心思想，不要匆匆下笔，看懂题意，根据图画、图表、提纲或短文提供的资料和信息来审题。审题要审格式、体裁、人物关系、故事情节、主体时态、活动时间、地点等。
2. 围绕中心，拟定提纲
书面表达评分原则有四条：
（1）内容要点；
（2）运用词汇和结构的数量；
（3）运用语法结构和词汇的准确性；
（4）上下文的连贯性。
由此可见，要点是给分的一个重要因素。为了防止写作过程中遗漏要点，同学们要充分发挥自己的观察力，把情景中给出的各个要点逐条列出。根据短文的中心思想考虑如何开头、展开和结尾，设想几个承上启下的连词，将主要句型、关键词语草草记下，形成提纲，写时切忌结构分散，废话连篇，严重跑题。书面表达，内容广泛，题材多样，要弄清考题的要求是写人、叙事、介绍、评论、图表、书信、日记、通知、便条还是看图作文或改写缩写。如果是日记，要写清年、月、日和天气情况；如果是书信，则要注意书信的格式，注意短文字数不要低于或超过规定的字数太多。
3. 语言通顺，表达准确
(1) 避免使用汉语式英语，尽量使用自己熟悉的句型。几种句型可交替使用，以避免重复和呆板。
(2) 多用简单句型，记事、写人一般都不需要复杂的句型。可适当多使用陈述句、一般疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。不用或少用非谓语或情态动词等较复杂的句型。
(3)．注意语法、句法知识的灵活运用。
1) 语态、时态要准确无误。
2) 主谓语要一致，主语的人称和数要和谓语一致。
3) 注意人称代词的宾格形式。
4) 注意冠词用法，例如： He is an honest student.中的an不能写成a。
5) 注意拼写、标点符号和大小写，例如：receive, believe, fourteen, forty, ninth, restaurant等。
标点符号特别注意汉英的不同，例如：
汉语英语
A. 句号。.
B. 省略号………
C. 顿号、无
(4) 描写人物时，要生动具体，例如：
1) 外表特征：tall, short, fat, thin, strong, weak, ordinary-looking 等。
2) 服饰颜色：red, yellow, blue, white, green, brown, black 等。
3) 内心境界：glad, happy, sad, excited, anxious, interested 等。
4) 感情描写：love, like, hate, feel, laugh, cry, smile, shout 等。
5) 动作描写：come, go, get, have, take, bring, fetch 等。
(5) 上下文要连贯。上下文的连贯性也是评分的一条原则，因此同学们应把写好的句子，根据故事情节，事情发生的先后次序（时间或空间），使用一些表示并列、递进等过渡词进行加工整理，使文章连贯、自然、流畅。同学们应注意下面过渡的用法：
1) 表示并列关系的过渡词：and, as well as, or …
2) 表示转折关系的过渡词：but, yet, however …
3) 表示时间关系的过渡词：first, second, third, and then, finally, after, before, after a few days, at last, at that time, later, in the past, when, while, then, after that …
4) 表示空间关系的过渡词：near (to), far (from), in the front of, beside, behind,above, below, to the right, to the left, on one side, on the other side of, outside …
5) 表示比较关系的过渡词：in the same way, just like, just as …
6) 表示对照关系的过渡词：but, still, yet, however, on the other hand, in spite of, even though …
7) 表示递进关系的过渡词： also, and, then, too, in addition, moreover, again …
8) 表示因果关系的过渡词：because, since, then, thus, otherwise, so, therefore ,as a result…
9) 表示解释说明的过渡词：for example, in fact, in this case, for, actually …
10) 表示强调的过渡词：in fact, indeed, necessarily, certainly, without any doubt, truly, most important …
11) 表示目的的过渡词：for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order that, so as to, in order to, …
12) 表示列举的过渡词：for example , such as …
13) 表示总结性的过渡词：in conclusion, finally, at last, in brief, as has been stated, in a word, in general, in all, in a word, generally speaking …
4. 不会表达，另辟蹊径
中考作文给分是以要点和语言准确度而定，不以文采打分。造句越简单准确越好，造复合句容易出错，容易被扣分，阅卷场上有句话：“错误面前人人平等，文采好不加分”。如遇到个别要点表达不出来或难以表达，可采用变通的办法，化难为易，化繁为简。总之，所造句子要正确、得体、符合英语表达习惯。
(1) 迂回而行
当汉语词义不会用英语表达时，可以想一个与这个汉语词义相似的几种词义。扩展思路，然后从英语中找出一个与其词义相近的代替。这样可有异曲同工之妙。
(2) 小词大用
汉语中有些语意看来很复杂很文雅，但在英语中可用一些常用词表达。下面这些词可能在你的书面表达中很有用：take, have, get, make, come, go, do, see, show, happy, nice, kind, help 等。
(3) 借花献佛
有时书面表达中需要的单词或词组或许在试卷中的其他地方出现。因为刚刚做过题，记忆犹新，那么就可信手拈来，为我所用。
5. 锦上添花，量力而行
如果你还有时间和精力，想把书面表达写得更好，那么，请注意以下几点：
(1) 句型多样化，不要I（We）……到底，使人觉得乏味。
(2) 适当使用一些并列句或主从复合句。
(3) 进一步描绘人或事物时，适当使用定语从句。
(4) 适当使用分词或分词短语，烘托谓语动词。
(5) 偶尔使用一下倒装句，增加新鲜感。
(6) 适当调换一下状语在句子中的位置，使句子不雷同。
(7) 上下句子紧接时，其中完全相同的成分可以省略，以节省篇幅。
6. 书写工整，卷面整洁
字迹要清晰，让阅卷人看得清楚，不可字迹潦草，难以辨认，要保持卷面的整洁。
7. 写完之后，勿忘检查
作文时，由于时间紧、内容多，同学们出错在所难免。因此，改错这一环节必不可少。中考作文评卷是根据要点、语言准确性、上下文的连贯性来给分，根据错误多少来扣分。因此，中考时花几分钟时间用来检查错误显得尤为重要。检查错误应从以下几个方面入手：
(1) 格式是否有错。
(2) 拼写有无错误。
(3) 语言是否用错。
(4) 时态、语态错误。
(5) 标点错误。
(6) 人称是否用错。
【注意】此时不宜在卷面上作较大的改动，以免顾此失彼，影响全局。
总之，只要平时同学们多练习写作并有意运用上述方法和技巧，合理分配时间，在中考时一定能写出高质量的作文，得到令人满意的考分。
土木工程毕业设计文献综述范例
文献综述正文
毕业设计是土木工程专业学生毕业前的最后学习和综合训练的阶段，是知识深化、拓宽、教学的重要过程，是学生学习、研究和实践的全面总结，也是对学生综合素质与工程实践能力的全面检验，是实现本科培养目标的重要阶段。通过毕业设计，培养了综合分析和解决问题的能力、组织管理和社交能力，培养了独立工作的能力以及严谨、扎实的工作作风和事业心、责任感。为将来走上工作岗位，顺利完成所承担的建设任务奠定基础。
本项目为缙云县邮政生产用房，集商用、办公于一体的综合性建筑，采用钢筋混凝土框架结构体系，建筑结构的类别为二类，使用年限为50年，占地面积为3987m2，总建筑面积为3934m2，底层层高4.2m,标准层层高为3.4m。
多层及高层建筑的结构体系大致有混合结构体系、框架结构体系、剪力墙结构体系、筒体结构体系、巨型结构体系。混合结构的承重墙体随着建筑高度的增加而加厚，不仅耗费大量材料，也减少了使用面积。框架结构体系是由钢筋混凝土梁、柱节点及基础为主框架，加上楼板、填充墙、屋盖组成的结构形式。框架形成可灵活布置的建筑空间，使用较方便。但是随着建筑高度的增加，水平作用使得框架底部梁柱构件的弯矩和剪力显著增加，从而导致梁柱截面尺寸和配筋量增加，到一定程度，将给建筑平面布置和空间处理带来困难，影响建筑空间的正常使用，在材料用量和造价方面也趋于不合理，因此在使用上层数受到限制。正是因为如此原因，框架结构适用于办公楼、教学楼、商场、住宅等建筑。本设计的是多层建筑，建筑的高宽比H/B小于5，抗震设防烈度为6度，建筑高度19.5m，
框架结构住宅是指以钢筋混凝土浇捣成承重梁柱，再用预制的加气混凝土、膨胀珍珠岩、浮石、蛭石、陶烂等轻质板材隔墙分户装配成而的住宅。适合大规模工业化施工，效率较高，工程质量较好。 框架结构由梁柱构成，构件截面较小，因此框架结构的承载力和刚度都较低，它的受力特点类似于竖向悬臂剪切梁，楼层越高，水平位移越慢，高层框架在纵横两个方向都承受很大的水平力，这时，现浇楼面也作为梁共同工作的，装配整体式楼面的作用则不考虑，框架结构的墙体是填充墙，起围护和分隔作用，框架结构的特点是能为建筑提供灵活的使用空间，但抗震性能差。所以选用框架结构体系较为合理。
框架是由梁、柱构件通过节点连接形成的骨架结构。框架结构的特点是由梁、柱承受竖向和水平荷载，墙仅起维护作用，其整体性和抗震性均好于混合结构，且平面布置灵活，可提供较大的使用空间，也可构成丰富多变的立面造型。国外多用钢为框架材料，而国内主要为钢筋混凝土框架，因为钢筋混凝土结构有以下的一些优点：
第一：合理的利用了钢筋和混凝土两种材料的受力性能特点，可以形成强度较高、刚度较大的结构构件。这些构件在有些情况下可以用来代替钢构件，因而能够节约钢材，降低造价。
第二：耐久性和耐火性较好，维护费用低。
第三：可模性好，结构造型灵活，可以根据使用需要浇注成各种形状的结构。
第四：现浇钢筋混凝土结构的整体性好，可通过合理的设计，使之具有良好的延性，成为“延性框架”,在地震作用下，这种延性框架具有良好的抗震性能;同时它的防震性和防辐射性也好，亦适于用作防护结构。
第五：混凝土中占比例较大的砂、石材料便于就地取材。
因为钢筋混凝土具有这些特点，所以在建筑结构、地下结构、桥梁、隧道、铁路等土木工程中得到广泛应用。混凝土以成为当今世界上用量最大的建筑材料。但是，钢筋混凝土也存在一些缺点，如自重过大，抗裂性能较差，隔热隔声性能不好，浇注混凝土时需要模板和支撑，户外施工受到季节条件限制，补强修复比较困难。这些缺点在一定程度上限制了钢筋混凝土的应用范围。随着科学技术的发展，钢筋混凝土的这些缺点正在逐步的得到克服和改善。
钢筋混凝土多层框架结构作为一种常用的结构形式, 具有如下优点：
(1) 建筑平面布置灵活，分割方便。
(2) 整体性、抗震性能好。
(3) 传力路线明确。
(4) 墙体采用轻质填充材料时，结构自重小。
(5) 承重构件与围护构件有明确分工。
毕业设计是对四年专业知识的一次综合应用、扩充和深化，也是对我们理论运用于实际设计的一次锻炼。通过毕业设计，不仅可以温习以前在课堂上学习的专业知识，同时也将学习和体会到建筑结构设计的基本技能和思想。
“缙云县邮政生产用房结构设计” ，在设计之前必须先充分理解建筑设计的内容，并收集相关的资料如建筑图集、结构计算手册及相关国标规范等，做好准备工作。
读懂建筑设计中的建筑图，如底层及标准层平面图、顶层平面图、主要立面图、剖面图，根据实际情况所选择的建筑方案，满足相关规范的要求考虑到实用、美观、符合教学目的等等各方面要求。
结构设计中根据承重框架布置方向的不同，框架的结构布置方案有横向框架承重、竖向框架承重、纵横向框架承重。多层框架是超静定结构，在计算内力之前，必须先确定杆件的截面形状、尺寸和惯性矩。为此，查阅了许多文献资料，包括标准、规范、手册、图集，以及国内外相关书籍、论文，明确了设计路线。
结构设计包括结构计算和绘制结构图两方面。结构计算又需完成基础设计、纵横向平面框架结构设计、楼盖设计、楼梯、阳台、雨蓬等结构设计，其中纵横向平面框架结构设计是最重要的，也是最难的。纵横向平面框架结构设计又涉及到框架梁、柱、节点设计，要满足“强柱弱梁，强剪弱弯，强节点弱构件”的设计原则。在本次毕业设计中采用手算和电算两种方法，手算采用分层分析法和D值法(计算竖向荷载采用分层分析法，计算水平荷载采用D值法)来完成，电算采用PKPM结构计算软件。最后，将手算与电算的结果比较，相互检验，以提高结构计算的精确度。
毕业设计是集理论与实践为一体，在设计之前作为设计者必须深入实际，调查研究，是大学四年里最重要的实践环节。通过一个完整的毕业设计，在资料查阅，文献综述与阅读，设计思路与方案的确定等方面有了较大的提高，对于相关设计规范、手册、标准图以及工程实践中常用的方法有较系统地认识了解。
2012高考材料作文指导训练及范文
一、阅读下面的文字，按要求作文
从前有位农场主巡视谷仓时，不慎将一只名表遗失，因遍寻不获，便决定悬赏寻表，要农场上的小孩帮忙寻找，谁能找到手表，赏金500美元。众小孩在重赏之下，无不卖力搜寻，奈何谷仓内到处都是成堆的谷粒和稻草，大家忙到太阳下山仍一无所获，结果一个个都放弃了。只有一个小孩，为了那笔巨额赏金，仍不死心地继续寻找。当天色渐黑，众人离去，谷仓静下来之后，他突然听到一个奇怪的声音。那声音“滴答、滴答”不停地响着，小孩立刻停下所有的动作，谷仓内更安静了，滴答声也响得更为清晰。小孩循着声音，终于在偌大漆黑的谷仓中找到了那只名贵手表。
静是大自然的赏赐，静是一种奇妙的心态，静是一种和谐温馨的社会风情画?? 请以“静的魅力”为题，自定立意，自选文体，写一篇不少于800字的作文。
[写作提示] 结合命题材料，尤其是材料第2段充满智慧的点评，认真审读文题“静的魅力”，可以体悟到，文题的中心语是“魅力”，关键的修饰语是“静”，此篇作文要以“静”为思维基点，以“静的魅力”即“静”所带给人们的美的享受和净化心灵、提升心灵为主旨下笔行文。
静的魅力
刘菲菲
静水流深，不显不露。静，以外观默默无闻的姿态隐藏着内在的力量、深刻的思想。一个“静”字，竟是如此深邃，如此富有禅意，富有魅力。
身静，方可心无旁骛；专心思索，方能得大智慧。佛家禅宗似乎是最早领悟到这一要诀的。禅宗的必修课，也是入门功夫——坐禅，就要修行者身静入定，诵经冥想。双目一闭，便将滚滚红尘、污垢尘埃尽闭于心门之外；身静入定，便不为外物所役而细品沉思。 自印度莲花大师始，不少僧人在喜马拉雅山挖洞面壁而居，饥餐荨麻，渴饮雪水，形容枯槁而终于“静”思得佛门真谛，成为一代高僧。面壁，或思过，或悟道，成功的前提就是身静。身如静水，不显不露，方能让思想纵横千里。
心静，方可遗世独立，羽化登仙。单纯的身静，心中依然万念错杂，自然不可得道。身静的同时，更要心静。不去想那人间的纷杂，只将一片冰心浸入雪水，感受静的冰凉怡人，放松精神。而到了更高层的境界，即便身不能打坐入定，心依旧可如止水。于是，你不必奇怪陶渊明“结庐在人境，而无车马喧”的感受，只因为他“心远地自偏”；你不必奇怪苏东坡被贬黄州，仍能于赤壁之下高歌放舟，只因为他从不变的静中，悟出了“物与我皆无尽也”的大境界，于是便可“浩浩乎如冯虚御风，而不知其所止；飘飘乎如遗世独立，羽化而登仙”。 智者在静中修身悟道，在静中羽化登仙，在静中凝聚起了千年的智慧和深不可测的力量。但他们还是保留着那份静，或许是习惯已成为自然。直到有一天他们打破了沉默，你才惊讶他们的智慧与博大，于是才有那“不飞则已，一飞冲天；不鸣则已，一鸣惊人”的感慨。《天龙八部》中第一高手，竟是少林一个默默无闻的扫地僧；助魏公子窃符救赵的侯生原本也只是大梁夷门的一个守门人；智慧象征的诸葛亮，出茅庐之前也只是躬耕于南阳的农夫??他们往日的静正反衬出有朝一日力量爆发的可怕，就如同火山的静，那不是单纯的沉默，而是为了蓄积之后的爆发！
于是不难理解嵇康在面对前呼后拥，大讲排场来拜见他的钟会时，仍旧不理不睬，只在熊熊的炉火和铿锵的锤声中默默忙碌的举动。圣贤的静，岂容俗世的嘈杂来打破？智者乐水，
仁者乐山，千年前的智者从深邃的静水中悟出了禅意。这禅意并非不可言传，只是现在，还有多少人能够静下心来去感悟呢？这也许是现代文明的悲哀。
[名师点评] 本文作者审题准确，文章的观点比较深刻，特别是结尾的一段文字，把古圣先贤静的心态与现代世俗之人浮躁庸俗的心态加以对比，巧妙发问，引人思考，使文章主旨得以深化和升华。
二、阅读下面的文字，根据要求作文
“山重水复疑无路，柳暗花明又一村”，宋代诗人陆游这两句诗，描述了山水萦绕的迷路感觉与移步换形又见新景象的喜悦之情，表现了人生或社会变化发展的规律性，富于哲理。
对此，你有类似的生活体验吗？你有新的感受吗？请写一篇不少于800字的文章。 要求选择一个角度构思作文，自定立意，自选文体，自拟标题；不要脱离材料的内容及含意的范围作文，不要套作，不得抄袭。
[写作提示] 仔细审读材料，认真揣摩其内涵，可以知道“山重水复”比喻逆境和磨难，“柳暗花明”比喻光明的前景。因而，本作文试题的最佳命意为：逆境往往蕴涵着无限的希望，无论道路多么艰难，只要坚定信念，勇于开拓进取，人生就能“绝处逢生”，迎来光明、成功和辉煌。
“柳暗花明”的召唤
张 瑜
乌云遮不住太阳的光辉，荆棘挡不住勇敢者的脚步。
—题记
“山重水复疑无路，柳暗花明又一村”，这是宋代大诗人陆游的诗句。吟诵着这富有哲理的诗句，你的心头会荡起清爽的夏风，将丝丝阴云一一驱散，即使遭遇逆境、磨难，也将永远坚强而乐观。
“山重水复疑无路”，山水回环，脚步回环。人生在世，大凡谁都会遭逢逆境，但山重水复的迷失，动摇不了开拓者坚定的信念。我们相信，“移步换形”之后，一定会有“柳暗花明”的美丽景观。
“山重水复”是上帝赐给人类的考验，而“柳暗花明”则是上帝赋予人类睿智豁达的人生召唤。
人在旅途，“柳暗花明”的召唤，会给人以心灵的慰藉和温馨。罗映珍，一个普通警察的妻子，当得知她的丈夫与歹徒搏斗负重伤而住进医院时，当医生告诉她，她的丈夫将不可能从昏迷中醒来而成为植物人时，她简直到了“山重水复疑无路”的人生绝境了。然而，罗映珍的精神支柱并没有垮掉，她的耳畔响起了“柳暗花明”的人生召唤，她以爱心、忍耐和温柔，呵护体贴丈夫，终于使丈夫奇迹般地醒来。这是大爱真情的奇迹，更是“柳暗花明”人生召唤的奇迹。
“柳暗花明”的召唤会给人以顽强的意志和力量。回首2008年，当地动山摇之时，当房倒屋塌之际，失去了家园和亲人的四川人民在流血、在哭泣，但四川人民并没有悲观丧气，没有慨叹“天将亡我也”，“柳暗花明”的哲理召唤，使他们在全国人民的关怀和支持下，奋力拼搏，抗震救灾。于是，四川人民的脸上又写满了阳光，四川大地又写满了世人瞩目的“万象更新”。
“柳暗花明”的召唤会带给人们成材成功的累累硕果。史铁生——当代杰出的文学家，曾遭遇双腿残疾的人生厄运，但母亲的安慰，地坛的启示，“柳暗花明”的哲理召唤，终于使他走出“山重水复”的迷惘，开拓出一片新天地；贝多芬——天才的音乐家，曾双耳失聪，但“柳暗花明”的召唤，吹干了他眼角的泪痕，吹醒了他奋斗勃发的信念，使贝多芬的人生
之树结出了《命运交响曲》的音乐硕果，而光耀千秋。
“山重水复”，是上帝赐给你的金色考验；“柳暗花明”，则是上帝睿智的人生召唤。 “山重水复疑无路，柳暗花明又一村”，让我们静静地聆听，默默地铭记，这是最宝贵的人生召唤！
[名师点评] 本文作者审题准确，立意恰当，主旨观点鲜明而深刻。尤其是文中“‘山重水复’，是上帝赐给你的金色考验；‘柳暗花明’，则是上帝睿智的人生召唤”这段话观点新颖别致，文采浓郁，真可谓点睛之笔。
三、阅读下面的文字，根据要求作文
大自然是一部博大精深的教科书，她可以启发人们去思索生活，去寻求生命的意义。高山教人以刚强，溪流教人以欢快；菊花教人以高洁，绿茵教人以质朴；大海教人以胸怀豁达，森林教人以庄重沉静。如此等等，不一而足。
请你结合自己的思想经历，以“大自然的启迪”为话题，写一篇文章；立意自定，文体自选，题目自拟，不少于800字。
[写作提示] 这是一道颇具特色的话题作文试题。考生写作此文要注意以下两个方面：第一，根据作文材料的行文特色，特别是写作要求，要写好这篇作文，最好选用托物言志的散文体裁；第二，认真审读作文材料，仔细揣摩写作要求，从作文审题方面，切实把握好“从大自然中得到的人生启迪”的话题导向，并以此作为立意的基点。
沙洲的芦苇
叶晓菲
我爱芦苇，我爱沙洲之上初春的芦苇——苇芽尖尖，光泽莹莹，贮满了生命的淡泊和淳朴。春日伊始，乍暖还寒时候，沙洲的芦苇已悄悄地伸展开它的根须，汲取着泥土中些许的营养，生机萌动，破冰拔节，茁壮生长。虽然它清醒地知道，这里没有温室，没有肥料，没有农人勤恳的呵护，没有梨园歌手柔情万种的歌咏和赞叹，但它们只要有湛湛的蓝天，朵朵的白云，便觉知足，便觉愉悦而惬意。有了这些，它们就可以在第一缕阳光溜进眼眸的时候，开始平凡而诗意的生活，演绎朴素而淡泊的生命乐章。
我爱芦苇，我爱沙洲之上秋日的芦苇——“蒹葭苍苍，白露为霜”，披霜的芦苇最可诠释不屈的坚韧和刚强。秋风瑟瑟，百花凋零，而芦花却开得圣洁而潇洒；严霜袭来，百草枯萎，而沙洲的芦苇却仍然凛然挺立，不屈不挠。君可知，在历史的时空中，沙洲的芦苇曾被三国争雄的烽火烧得满目疮痍，但是“野火烧不尽，春风吹又生”，来年“红杏枝头春意闹”的时候，沙洲的芦苇又是葱葱绿绿，风采无限；君可知，在汗青的记忆里，“风萧萧兮易水寒，壮士一去兮不复还”，荆轲为燕国铲除暴秦踏上了千古不归路，而沙洲上的芦苇则伴着萧瑟秋风，伴着高渐离的击筑声，沙沙作响，为荆轲壮行；君可知，在抗战的史册中，日寇的铁蹄曾肆意地践踏北国白洋淀沙洲的芦苇，然而一片芦苇倒下了，千千万万丛芦苇顽强地聚在一起，霹雳一闪，无边的火海把日寇的残暴和淫威烧成了灰烬。
我爱芦苇，我爱春夏之际沙洲上的芦苇——苇叶飘举，苇秆婷婷。此时此刻，沙洲的芦苇最能给人“和睦和谐，与人为善”的微妙启迪。你看，河流涨了，湖泊满了，一片片沙洲次第隐没，芦苇便怡然自得地融进河湖港汊的大家庭。红鱼在芦苇中穿梭，青蛙在芦苇的脚跟鸣唱，调皮的蜻蜓一只只、一群群在苇叶之间、芦花之上盘旋嬉戏，而芦苇则像极了敦厚的兄长，它不恼不怒，一株株、一丛丛，你挨着我，我挨着你，为大家庭搭建起凉棚，任风雨敲击摧残亦无怨无悔。
举目芸芸众生，放眼山山水水，我要说，我爱芦苇，我爱在水一方的沙洲的芦苇。 这一片芦苇，青翠欲滴，郁郁葱葱，深深地扎根于沙洲之上，年年岁岁，岁岁年年，摇
曳着尘世的沧桑，滴溅着生命的启迪，教我心境淡泊，教我朴质刚强，教我与人为善，教我每天笑迎那一轮温馨的朝阳??
我爱在水一方的沙洲的芦苇！
[名师点评] 本文作者审题准确，描写极富文采，字里行间激情洋溢。作者借沙洲芦苇，体悟出“淡泊淳朴”“坚韧刚强”“和谐处世”的人生哲理，层次清晰，逻辑严密。“红鱼在芦苇中穿梭，青蛙在芦苇的脚跟鸣唱，调皮的蜻蜓一只只、一群群在苇叶之间、芦花之上盘旋嬉戏，而芦苇则像极了敦厚的兄长，它不恼不怒，一株株、一丛丛，你挨着我，我挨着你，为大家庭搭建起凉棚，任风雨敲击摧残亦无怨无悔”这段行文，颇有诗情画意，艺术而形象地体现了主旨情感，令人频频击节称叹。
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