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一. 关于本专业毕业论文的选题
二.英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和翻译学。各个大方向中又可以选择小的方向，具体解释如下：1.英语文学：选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中的某一经典作家（如海明威），某一经典作品（如《双城记》），某一写作手法（如象征手法的运用）或某一文学思潮（如浪漫主义运动）作深入研究。但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典的作家或作品。有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生的兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象。在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在的深刻含义，不能流于肤浅的分析。文学批评理论的选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识的学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论的知识结构。这个方向的选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语的阐释或某两种或以上的文学批评理论的比较。比较文学研究就是将两个以上的作家或作品进行比较。这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别的（如“雪莱与拜伦的诗歌比较”），也可以是不同国别的（如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）2.语言学：选择语言学的毕业论文选题可以在两个大的方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学。普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的任何一个方面的研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）。应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围的选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习的影响”等。3.翻译学：翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动。对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。相比之下，对翻译活动的研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究（如“汉语成语的英译”）。应该注意的是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。二.英语专业毕业论文格式要求学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分。（一）前置1．英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成。2．目录：由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成，排在英文封面之后另页。
3．中、英文内容摘要：摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论，是一篇完整的短文，可以独立使用，中文摘要一般在200字左右4关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。为便于文献检索，学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”，这些关键词就是论文的中心词，以显著的字符另起一行，分别排在中、外文摘要的左下方。各关键词之间用“分号”隔开。外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应。（二）主体部分主题部分包括引言（Introduction）、正文(Body)、结论(Conclusion)、参考文献(Bibliography)。主体部分必须由另页右页开始。1．引言：主要说明研究工作的目的、涉及范围、相关领域的前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面的概述、理论意义和实用价值等。2．正文：论文的正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅。一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证。要求论据充分，论点明确。行文必须实事求是，客观真
切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读。正文部分要有分级标题，章、条、款、项的序号编码方法，采用阿拉伯数分级系列编号法，论文中的章、条、款、项依次排列，依次从1开始，连续编号，中间用“．”相隔，最末级编号之后不加点。示例：
1．2．…… 2.12.2…… 2.2.12.2.22.2.3.… 2.2.3.13．结论：学位论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论，它是对正文部分的论述的概述，也可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、尚待解决的问题等。4．参考文献：写作学位论文过程中，阅读或运用过某些文献所列出的书目清单，置于正文之后，另页开始。参考文献的著录按原文献语种为原则。（1）文献目录应另页书写，外文文献排前，中文文献排后。外文文献书名须用斜体。（2）文献目录一律按作者姓氏汉语拼音或外文字母顺序排列。（3）每条文献必须顶格写，回行时空两字或五个英语字母。（4）将各文献的类型代号（即文献英文名的首字母）注明在文献之后：专著[M] 学位论文[D] 论文集〔C〕 报纸文章〔N〕 期刊文章〔J〕 报告[R]专利 [P] 专著、论文集的析出文献[A] 其他未说明文件 〔Z〕电子文献中光盘图书 [M／CD]（MONOGRAPH ON CD）网上期刊〔J/OL〕（serial online）5．文内所引文献：要求附夹注，应在引文后加括号注明作者姓名（英文只注姓），出版年和引文页码。若为转引文献，则加quoted in 字样。例：（王佐良，1982：38）（Newmark，8：26-33）6.文献中列出的文献应该与正文中标注的文献一一对应。正文中没有出现的，不应出现在参考文献中。（三）附录部分附录包括所有与论文有关的补充材料，如图表或照片等。
摘要：
本文提出了几种最常见的中式英语习惯，它们是从超过两百份中国学生写的英文论文中观察得来的。文中解释了这些习惯，并且在大部分情况下给出了从实际论文中出现的例子以及正确的用法。我们试图去解释如何去改正和避免这些错误。一些情况下，我们还解释了为什么这些习惯会出现。本文可以成为一个单独的科技论文编写指南，尤其是当很难寻找一个母语为英语的编辑时。
大意
Section 1 a, an, the
冠词后面将跟随一个名词，并且任何冠词与名词之间的修饰词都用来修饰这个名词(a big blue bicycle / the first award)。A和an是不定冠词，the是定冠词。单数形式的不可数名词以及指代一个可数事务的普通名词，它们每次都需要一些限定词（determiner）。
它们的使用方法如下图所示：
Incorrect Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on surface of main and splitter blades.15
Correct Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on the surface of the main and splitter blades.15
分析上面的例子，surface是一个单数、可数、没有限定词的特定的单词，因此要用the修饰。而blades是一个复数、可数、没有特殊限定词、并且特定的单词，因此也要用the修饰。
very long sentence
太长的句子不利于读者理解，应该尽量分为多个句子。对于一些参数的陈列，尽量使用列表或者整齐的子句。
Prefacing the main idea of a sentence by stating the purpose,location or reason first在句子的前面陈述目的、位置、原因等，而不是陈述句子的主要含义。这样减弱了句子的主旨，混淆了读者的理解。
Incorrect For the application in automobile interiors, this paper studies the nesting optimization problem in leather manufacturing. 5
Correct This paper studies the nesting optimization problem in leather manufacturing for application in automobile interiors.
Tendency of placing phrases which indicate time at the beginning of a sentence倾向于把表示时间的短语放在句首。这样是不自然的。
Incorrect When U is taken as the control parameter, the BDs for Δ =0.0, 0.001, 0.005 are shown in Fig. 8.
Correct Figure 8 shows the BDs for Δ =0.0, 0.001, and 0.005 when U is taken as the control parameter.
Place the most important subject at the beginning of the sentence for emphasis将最重要的主题放在句首以示重视。这样的理解是错误的。
Incorrect Based on the triangulation structure built from unorganized points or a CAD model, the extended STL format is described in this section.4
Correct The extended STL format is described in this section based on the triangulationstructure built from unorganized points or a CAD model.
“which/ that”
‘Respectively’ and ‘respective’
1. Respectively is misplaced in the sentence; it is put before the nouns to which it refers. Incorrect Equations 2～6 can be respectively linearized as:……(equations given)…13 Correct Equations 2～6 can be linearized as:……(equations given)…, respectively.
Incorrect The weights of the two experts are respectively 0.600 and 0.400.19
Correct The weights of the two experts are 0.600 and 0.400, respectively.
2. Respectively is inserted to express that there is a certain order in which something was done. However, the order is already implied elsewhere in the sentence or does not need
to be expressed because it does not add value to meaning of the sentence.
Incorrect If both the core technology score and core quality score of a bottleneck process are, respectively, below certain scores, then we refer to strategy 1, otherwise, if
either is, respectively, above a certain score, then we refer to strategy 2.
Similarly, if the core technology and core quality are, respectively, above a certain score, then we refer to strategy 3, otherwise, if either is, respectively,
below a certain score, then we refer to strategy 4.19
Correct If both the core technology score and core quality score of a bottleneck process are below certain scores, then we refer to strategy 1, otherwise, if either is
above a certain score, then we refer to strategy 2. Similarly, if the core technology and core quality are above a certain score, then we refer to strategy 3, otherwise, if either is below a certain score, then we refer to strategy 4.
Respectively通常出现在句子的结尾，当两个或者更多的人或事被按照一定的顺序提起或者指定时，使用Respectively。它包含了一种顺序，这种顺序可以是在前面提到的，也可以是被读者领会到的。
例子：
For example: Bobby, Nicole and Daren wore red, green and blue coats, respectively.
List 1 List 2
Bobby wore a red coat.
Nicole wore a green coat.
Daren wore a blue coat.
‘In this paper’, ‘in this study’
study指作者做出的工作；paper指作者表达工作的论文。不可混淆。
这两个短语最好只用在两个地方：
1. 介绍或者总结全文时；
2. 在文中，当指出了其他作者的一些没有完成的工作之后，使用这两个短语来描述自己的工作。
Numbers and Equations
阿拉伯数字不应该出现在句子的开头，而应该使用英文单词。
Incorrect 12 parameters were selected for the experiment.
Correct Twelve parameters were selected for the experiment.
阿拉伯数字被滥用，它们应该在给出技术指标时使用，而不用来表示普遍的信息。
不要在句子中使用符号或者表达式，而应该以语言描述。（一般的论文要求所有的表达式都单独写出来，并使用特定的格式）
Incorrect If the power battery SOC > SOClo and the driving torque belongs to the middle load,… Correct If the power battery SOC is greater than SOClo and the driving torque belongs to the middle load,…
Format
Paragraphs
分段的错误有两个：第一种是换行但是没有缩进，所以让读者不知道这是否是新的一段。 第二种是一段的最前面是一个单行的句子，这个句子和这一段同时都缩进了。
（这句话的理解不太清晰，我怀疑我理解错了。原文是：The second
error occurs when a paragraph is preceded by a single sentence on a single line. The
single line is indented along with the succeeding paragraph as in example #. This
commonly occurs in Chinese texts but is never done in English.）
‘Figure’ and ‘Table’
Figure和Table的正确缩写分别是Fig.和Tbl.。缩写不能出现在句首，并且Figure/Table和数字之间必须有一个空格。
Variables
变量必须使用斜体。
Capitals
大写字母不能出现在句中，只能出现在句首。
‘such as’ and ‘etc.’
such as的含义和for example一样；etc.的含义等于and so on。它们如果放在同一个句子里则是冗余的。
Such as意味着后面跟随一个不完整的列表，如果后面列出了所有的元素，则不应使用such as。
Incorrect Compared to traditional industry, Micro-electronic fabrication has three characteristics such as high complexity, high precision and high automation.
Correct Compared to traditional industry, Micro-electronic fabrication has three characteristics: high complexity, high precision and high automation.
Section 2
1．下列单词具有同样的单数和复数形式：
literature (when referring to research)
equipment,
staff (referring to a group of people)
faculty
外语学院英语专业毕业论文撰写要求及注意事项
一、论文选题
学生根据自己所长在“语言、文化、文学、翻译、教学”等方面初步拟定一个题目，也可从指导教师小组给出的题目中选用一个。所选的题目必须经指导教师同意后方可广泛收集与论文有关的资料。在此基础上填写《西南政法大学本科毕业论文开题报告书》。
二、论文撰写
1．在正式撰写论文前，须事先拟定一个提纲（outline）交与指导教师，经导师修正后方可正式开始撰写。
2．论文要求用英语撰写，字数要求3000—5000单词。
3．撰写中学生要尊重指导教师，主动接受导师的检查和指导，定期向导师汇报论文的进度和存在的问题，保证毕业论文反映出自己最高水平。
4．独立完成论文各环节的工作，严禁抄袭和请人代替完成毕业论文。严禁从网上直接下载他人文章作为自己的毕业论文。以上情况一经发现，其毕业论文一律按不及格处理。
5．所写论文应立意新颖，内容充实，论据充分，结论可信。
三、论文撰写格式
1．论文题目（英文，应简短、明确、有概括性）
2．作者姓名（汉语拼音，如：Zhang Junjie）
3．作者所在学院（英文）、邮编
4．摘要（英文，应高度概括论文的内容、方法和观点，以及取得的成果和结论，反映整个论文的精华。要客观陈述、独立成文， 200词左右。）
5．关键词（英文，3—8个）
6．前言
7．正文
8．结论
9．注释：注释是对论著正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。毕业论文的注释统一采用脚注，每页按先后顺序单独编号，在正文的相关处用上标表明，用数字加圆圈标注（如①，②……）。
10．参考文献：参考文献是作者写作时所参考的文献书目，一般集中列于文末。所罗列的参考文献应是正式出版物，包括期刊、书籍、论文集等。参考文献的格式以《中国英语教学》杂志为准，按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列，中文文献位于英文文献之后。如：
References
Harmer, J. 1984, ThePractice of English Language Teaching. London: Longman. Richard, J. 1976, “The role of English teaching”, TESOL Quarterly 10/1:77-89.
Virginia Yip. 1995. Interlanguage and Learbability. John Benjamins Publishing
Company.
刘润清, 1999,《论大学英语教学》. 外语教学与研究出版社
牛强, 2000, 过渡语的石化现象及其教学启示,《外语与外语教学》第5期
11．打印格式：论文经指导教师审阅定稿后，由学生用标准的A4纸打印，标题用3号Arial Black字体，作者姓名、所在学院、邮编、摘要、关键词用小4号Arial Narrow字体，正文用小4号Times New Rome字体，注释和参考文献用5号Times New Rome字体。论文一级标题采用加粗的4号Times New Rome字体，其余各级标题均采用加粗的小4号Times New Rome字体。封面采用西南政法大学论文统一封面（请到学校教务处网站下载）。
12．正文标题层次格式：正文段落均采用首行缩进格式，段落与段落之间不空行。各级标题格式举例如下：
1. Introduction
1.1 Rationale of the study
1.1.1 Few verbs are used
四、 论文交稿时间
第7学期学生需与指导教师联络一次，初步拟定论文题目。第8学期第4周交初稿；第6周填写中期检查表，第12周学生上交定稿。第14周教师完成评阅工作。不按时交论文定稿而影响论文成绩者，其后果由学生自己承担。
五、论文交稿要求
毕业论文要求交打印稿，一式三份。优秀毕业论文一式四份。所有论文在下学期第十六周用英语进行论文答辩。
外语学院 2005年12月
成考：英语议论文的写作方法与技巧
英语议论文的写作，大多有具体要点（即论点或论据）的限定，所以并不需要如何地纵横捭阖，如何地旁征博引。但是，麻雀虽小，五脏俱全，一篇100来字的议论文，同样必须逻辑严密，结构清晰，语言洗练，必须论有中心，言而有据。以下笔者试从篇章结构、句子修辞和词汇运用等三个方面来谈一谈写好一篇小议论文的基本方法和技巧。
一、篇章结构
（一）先有规矩，然后才能从心所欲，不逾矩
议论文的写作，住往从正反两方面来论述，且都有其约定俗成的议论模式，即从“主题句一正面论述，反面论述一结论”四大块去营造文章的基本结构（四块论）。例如，某题目要求论述“学校规定‘课间学生只能呆在自己的教室里’对吗？”这一话题。如果作者认为学校的规定不对，他就应该在文章第一块（段）亮出自己的观点：There is currently much discussion about whether students should stay in their own classrooms or not during break times.Personally I believe that—。而第二块应该从正面论述“课间不能只呆在自己的教室里”的理由。比如可以说：I would argue that break times are our only opportunity to choose what we want to do. 第三块则从反面观点，即“课间只能呆在自己的教室里”出发，批驳对方观点或进一步阐述己方观点。例如可以说：Another reason why people say that students have to stay in their own classes at break times is that it would be difficult to organize dinners.最后一块（段）则用不同的语言再次强调已方观点。乍一看去，议论文“四块论”仿佛有“八股文”的嫌疑，但“四块论”符合人的认知规律，所以值得多多模仿和操练。
（二）围绕中心论述，确保论述的内容直接为主题服务
在上例中，“学生课间时不能只呆在自己的教室里”是主题句，论述时应该紧紧围绕它。有的同学在写的时候先说“学生若课间被允许到其他班级活动，就可以交到更多的朋友”，然后又说“交到更多朋友就可以学到更多知识”，“学到更多知识就可以为社会做出更大的贡献”??这种论述方式貌似环环相扣，承前启后，实则是中心涣散的流水账，说到最后，不仅读者会一头雾水，连作者自己都会忘了自己在说什么。
（三）确立并写好论点，并将其置于每一段的段首
整篇文章有整篇文章的中心论点，每一段落有每一段落的分论点。选取论点时要问一问自己：这一论点是否会让自己信服？如果—个论点连自己都说服不了，就要放弃它。段落论点的呈现不能羞羞答答，犹报琵琶半遮面，也不能深藏不露，让读者去总结和归纳，而必须在文章开篇或段落开头就亮出来。论点置于篇首或段首，才能纲举目张，也是确保不跑题的前提。以下两个例子中，第一个结构松散，群龙无首，令读者不知所云；而第二个例子则中心突出，章法严谨。请看：
1.Firstly，it is very convenient in daily life.There are many shops and supermarkets in a city.I can buy everything I need easily in these places.When I am sick，I can easily see a doctor in any clinic or hospital.Transport services are good in a city.when I want to go somewhere，I can take a bus，a train or something else.There are also many kinds of entertainment in a city.Public buildings（such as libraries）and parks can easity be found in a city，too.
2.First.it is convenient and comfortable to live in a city.To begin with，there is good housing in a city，as all the houses and flats are well-equipped with good facilities and surrounded by modern amenities such as places of entertainment，public libraries and parks.
而中心句的写法也有讲究。中心句必须能高度概括所在段落的论据，它的关键词应该在每—个论据中都有重复或适当体现。那种无关痛痒的叙述或说明性的句子，是不适宜用作中心句的。例如：
1.Students always feel relaxed and happy during breaks.（叙述性句子）
2.Break times are scheduled for about 10 minutes.（说明性句子）
以下即是论述“学校规定‘课间学生只能呆在自己的班级里’对吗？”的一篇学生习作：Although some people believe that students should stay in their own classrooms during break times，I would like to argue that we should be allowed to spend break times in another class.
The most important reason for believing that is that many students have friends in other classes.We spend all day in our own classroom，and break times are the only time we have to spend with other friends.It can become very tedious（令人厌倦的）to have to spend even more time with the same people.
A further reason for allowing student to choose where they spend their break times is that it would stop arguements.If students are forced to spend time with classmates who are not good friends，they can annoy each other.This leads to problems that have to be sorted out by teachers.Teachers argue that we all should stay in our own classes，because it is then easier to know what is going on.They say that it is difficult to keep track of students when they are walking round the corridors.However，students could be given the chance to choose a different classroom to spend the whole break time in.That would mean that there would not be any students in the corridors.
As I have explained，although it might be a little easier to manage when everyone stays in their own classroom，it would make break times happier for all students if they were allowed to choose where they spent their time.
这篇范文符合“四块论”的基本模式，正反论述兼顾，结构严谨，中心突出。
二、句子修辞
（一）应用修辞，增强说服力
适当采用比喻、头韵（即连续数个单词的头音或头字母相同）、夸张等修辞手法，采用幽默、平行结构等写作手法，可以把道理说得更加透彻，把观点表达得更加鲜明，把平淡的内容表现得更加生动，从而更好地传递信息，增添文采，激发读者的共鸣。例如：
1.Many people have tried a thousand times before they achieve their goals.（夸张）
2.Only a madman would choose to live in a modern city.（夸张）
3.Our life would be like soup without salt or flowers without sunlight.（比喻）
4.The best way is to reduce，reuse and recycle.（头韵）
5.For children.the Internet is another way to waste more hours.（幽默）
6.If you want to earn a satisfactory grade in the training program，you must arrive punctually，you must behave courteously，and you must study conscientiously.（平行结构）值得注意的是，比喻等修辞格的使用及谚语等的引用关乎作者对英语文化的理解，因为它们在英语中的意义往往与我们的理解大相径庭，很容易误用。只有多多学习，认真分析它们的应用环境，使用起来才能锦上添花。如果没有十分的把握，切不可生搬硬套，否则会适得其反。
（二）表达到位，才能言之成理通常。
作者对自己论述的观点是清楚的，但在将观点传达给读者时，往往因为用词不准确，逻辑欠严密，或因受中国式思维的干扰而令表达不到位，结果使读者如堕五里雾中。作者应站在读者的立场上考虑问题，始终牢记“读者明不明白”才是判断写作是否成功的最重要标准。
请看以下几个表达不到位的例句及其改正方法。
1.They gave me what I need，but not what I want.析：want可译为“想要”。从汉语角度看，整个句子是流畅的，但从英语的逻辑上看，want与need的意义极易混淆，因此整个句子意义表达不到位，含糊不清。可以改为：They have given me what I need but not What I often ask for.
2.Maybe there are also some disadvantages of living in a city，but I think they are less important.I feel convenient and comfortable.析：句子后半部分的逻辑关系未交代清楚，令人有“前语不搭后语”的感觉。可以改为：Theere are surely disadvantages of living in a city，too，but they are less important and tend to be de-emphasized.For the sake of the advantages mentioned above，I prefer to live in a city.
3.Different people have different choices.Some people like living in a city and some people like living in a village.析：Choice的含义十分宽泛，因此与后面的like不相称，应改为：Different people have different likes and dislikes.Some like to live in a city，others like to live in a village.
4.The people，the society and so on were quite different from now.析：The people，the society依然不足以让读者完全理解要论述的话题，可改为：The peopIe，the society and other aspects of life were quite different from now.
5.Thieves should be sentenced for what they have done.析：使用sentence未免言过其实，应改为：Thieves should be punished for their wrongdoing.
（三）简洁洗练，要言不烦语言简洁有力。
文风干净利落，是议论文的重要特征之一。应该指出的是，好句子并不以长短论英雄，长句未必不简洁，短句未必不哆咳。作者在写作时，只要力求做到“章无冗段，段无冗句，句无冗词”，就可改变当断不断、拖泥带水的现象。
1.The Are No Good Reasons Why Boys and Girls Should Not Be Treated Equally.析：此为一标题句，此作者滥用双重否定，从而使句子过长。宜改为：Boys and Girls Should Be Given Equal Treatment.
2.For instance，I knew how to communicate with other people and how to look after myself.The most important thing was that I learn to be independent.析：从意义上讲，look after myself与independent关系紧密，可以合在一起。句子可改为：For instance，I knew how to communicate with others and how to look after myself as an independent girl.
3.Moreover，as some girls study harder than boys，they may be even superior.析：moreover后若继续用从句，就会干扰读者的思维。可改为：Moreover，some girls are very dilgent.As a result，they may prove superior to ordinary boys.
4.What I mean to say is that well-intentioned law-makers sometimes make fools of themselves.析：what从句并未提供新信息，故可删去。句子可改为：Well-intentioned law—makers sometimes make fools of themselves.
三、词汇运用
（一）多用书面语，少用口头语
相对口头语而言，书面语更能增添文章的厚重感和读者对文章的信任感。下列每一组句子中，第二句都使用了书面语言，用词更加规范，因而比前一个句子略胜—筹。
1.We still have the social problems.
The same social problems still exist today. 2.For me，there is no need for further protection of woodlands. As far as I‘m concerned，further protection of woodlands is not needed. 3.With the development of computer technology， commercial information exchange is
becoming easier.
Computers have greatly influenced business communication. 4.Everything has two sides and this problem is quite the same. Everything has two sides and this issue is not an exception. （二）使用连接词在句子间使用连接词，能使文章脉络更加清晰，逻辑关系更加流畅。例如：
1.The water was polluted.As a result，the fish died.
2.However，others think we should have junk food.
3.On the other hand packaging can have many disadvantages.
4.Firstly many people die of passive smoking（被动吸烟）and secondly it can aggravate（使??恶化）lung diseases.
相关的连接词还有：On the contrary，all in all，in short，generally，worse still，on the other hand，in conclusion，as a consequence，hence，also，personally，furthermore，definitely，surely，undoubtedly，obviously，additionally，in addition，moreover，consequently，clearly，besides，as well，likewise，in my opinion，for the sake of，last but not the least，to begin with，firstly（first），etc.
很多时候，一些常用的句式或句子也能承上启下，使相关的信息得到巧妙的过渡和衔接。例如：
The main reason is that?
I can‘t agree more.
Another thing we can‘t forget is that?
There is every reason to believe that?
As we all know?
总而言之，一篇好的议论文，总是在结构、逻辑和语言等方面略胜一筹。
The Practical Significance of Non-Actionin Government Governance
【Abstract】For a long time, Confucianism has played a leading role in the thought ofgovernment governance. This paper attempts to interpret and analyze the practical role of Taoist non-action thought in the history and present of government governance from both domestic and international dimensions, mainly involves three aspects: the government function transformation, the International Political Economy New Order and the ecology problem.
【Key Words】Non-action;governance;New International Political and Economic Order;ecological problem
Ever since Dong Zhonghu“dethroned the hundred schools and respected Confucianism only”, Confucianism has been in the dominant position in all dynasties of our country, manifesting itselfin the government governance for strengthening the centralization, focusing on the strict management of all aspects of people’s lives. However, the Taoist political thought of “non-action”is also a powerful reference for governments in today’s world to change their mode of governance and improve their ability to govern.
First of all, what do we need to know aboutnon-action? As a category of Laozi’s political philosophy, “non-action” does not mean doing nothing, but meansto follow the natural nature of things and the basic requirements of the general development trend, and to assist, guideor transform them in an objective and impartial manner with the softcharacteristics and ways embodied in Tao, so as to make them develop in the direction that is beneficial to both the objective things and the practical subject. In a word, we should respect the law of the development of things themselves and guide them appropriately instead of intervening excessively.
The thought of “non-action” is conducive to promoting the transformation of government functions and adjusting the way of governing. China is in the transition period from planned economy to market economy, which requires the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation. However,althoughChina’s government administrative system has been reformed many times, it still lags behind the economic system reform. Once upon a time, this model brought many social and economic ills, such as endemic corruption, abuse of power for personal gain and so on. Then, what is the government management idea under the guidance of Taoist “non-action’? Tao Te Ching says, “If I ‘do nothing’, the people will self-nurture; if I am quiet, the people will naturally followthe right path; if Ileave people alone, the people will naturally be rich; if I have no desire, the people will naturally become simple.” I believe that the significant results achieved in recent years in the transformation of the government functions in China cannot be separated from the reference to the idea of “non-action”. The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) clearlyproposes to “transform government functions, deepen the simplification and decentralization of government, innovate supervision, enhance the credibility and execution of government, and build a service-oriented government that satisfies the people”. For example, the market negative list system clearly lists the industries, sectors and businesses in the People’s Republic of China where investment is prohibited or restricted. Compared with the past, this has greatly eased market accesswith certain regulation, allowingmore market players to enter and stimulating market economic vitalityunder certain supervision. The transformation from omnipotent government to limited government illustrates the practical significance of the thought of non-action at present.
The idea of non-action applies not just to socialist countries. The shift from Keynesianism tothesupplyschooland Monetarism in capitalist countries is also, in a way, apractice of the idea non-action. After the Great Depression, Roosevelt led the country out of the economic crisis with his new deal. For a long time afterwards, most of his successors continued to pursue Keynesianism, arguing for government control over the economy, which was indeed a major cause of America’s economic prosperity. In the late 1970s, however, there was inflation. As a result, President Reagan implemented an economic recovery plan based on the principles of tax cuts, regulation cuts, spending cuts, and currency control. This program increased the economy of free enterprise in the free market, broke the stagnation of the American economy, and restored the growth capacity of the American economy. The success of Reagan’s economic policy confirms the significance of the idea of non-actionaround the world, and also proves the rationality of the quotation: “The best government is that which governs least.”
The idea of non-actionis conducive to the establishment of a new international political and economic order and the promotion of peaceful coexistence among nations. In recent years, China’s comprehensive national strength has been increasing, with its economy leaping to the second place in the world, and its figure on the international stage has become increasingly active. Ourgovernment has always adhered to an independent foreign policy of peace and a path of peaceful development. No matter what stage of development it reaches, it will never seek hegemony. This effectively retorts the “China Threat Theory”. If all governments, especially those of powerful countries in the world, make appropriate use of the concept of non-actionwhen formulating foreign policiesand taking diplomatic actions,hegemonic practices such as interfering in the internal affairs or other countries and manipulating their elections will be greatly reduced; trade protectionism and deliberate sanctions against weak countries may disappear.
The thought of non-action is helpful to solve the ecological problems in the world and to deal with the relationship between man and nature. When we talk about governance, we pay more attention to its economic policy and foreign policy, and less attention to its ecological policy. Nowadays, the global ecological environment is deteriorating day by day, the global warming, the sharp decline of biodiversity and other issues need to be solved by the international community, China’s ecological environment has been improved through efforts, but garbage classification, waste of resources and other issues remain serious. Taoists have always paid attention to respecting nature, and their thought of doing non-action is applied to ecology, that is, we should respect the laws of nature, and not just rely on man’s own selfish desires to greatly transform nature, but to use scientific methods to guide its development in favor of nature and human direction. For example, China’s practice of “damming and warping” the Yellow River, taking full account of the natural nature of the topography, hydrology and local economic situation, has resulted in such things as conserving water resources, rationally allocating water resources, and solving soil and water loss, increase economic efficiency and other good results.
To sum up, Taoism’s thought of non-action is not only meaningful to the government of China, but also can be an important reference to other governments in governing. Non-action is not doing nothing, but through “non-action” to achieve the “promising” goal, achieving an artistic balance in political practice, and enjoying the joy of “harmony”.
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