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英语四级写作高分模板(1)
对比观点题型
（1） 要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。
1．有一些人认为……
累了,休息下,去考试大在线网上辅导逛逛
2．另一些人认为……
3．我的看法……
The topic of ①________（主题）is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②________（支持A的理由一）What is more, ③________（理由二）. Moreover, ④________（理由三）.
While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,________（支持B的理由一）. Secondly （besides）,⑥____________. Thirdly （finally）,⑦____________（理由二）
（理由三）.
From my point of view, I think ⑧________（我的观点）. The reason is that ⑨____________（原因）. As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .
（2） 给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点Some people believe that ①________（观点
一）. For example, they think ②________（举例说明）．And it will bring them ③________（为他们带来的好处）.
In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④____（我不同意该看法
. For another thing, ⑤____ Form all what I have said,I agree to the 的理由一）（反对的理由之二）．
thought that ⑥____（我对文章所讨论主题的看法）．英语六级考试写作技巧
英语四级写作高分模板(2)
阐述主题题型
要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述．
1． 阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义．
2． 分析并举例使其更充实．
The good old proverb ________（名言或谚语）reminds us that ________（释义）. Indeed, we can learn many things form it.
First of all,________（理由一）. For example, ____________（举例说明）. Secondly,________（理由二）. Another case is that ________（举例说明）. Furthermore , ____________（理由三）．英语四级英译汉的目的,要求和评分
In my opinion, ________（我的观点）. In short, whatever you do, please remember the say____A. If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you”ll necessarily benefit a lot from it.
英语四级写作高分模板(3)
解决方法题型
要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径
1． 问题现状英语四级英译汉的目的,要求和评分
2． 怎样解决（解决方案的优缺点）
In recent days, we have to face I problem——A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ________（说明Ａ的现状）．Second, ________（举例进一步说明现状） Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ________（解决方法一）. For another ________（解决方法二）. Finally, ________（解决方法三）.
Personally, I believe that ________（我的解决方法）. Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ________（带来的好处）.
英语四级写作高分模板(4)
说明利弊题型
这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测）
1． 说明事物现状
2． 事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）
3． 你对现状（或前景）的看法
Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First ________（A的优点之一）. Besides ____________（A的优点之二）.
But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ________（A的第一个缺点）．To make matters worse,____________（A的第二个缺点）．
Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to ________（我的看法）．
（From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way, ________（对前景的预测）．
英语四级写作高分模板(5)
议论文的框架
（1） 不同观点列举型（ 选择型 ）
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
（2）利弊型的议论文
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"every coin has two sides\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____ 缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
（3）答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.英语四级英译汉的目的,要求和评分
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.
（4） 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb: \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" ___谚语_______\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. （ also theoretically ）
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.
一年一度的端午节到了，家家户户里都是喜悦的气氛。每年这个时候，我们都是要写端午节作文的，以下是小编给大家整理的2021端午节作文开头结尾范文，希望对大家有所帮助，欢迎阅读!
2021端午节作文开头结尾范文1农历五月初五，是家乡最有特色的日子——端午节。虽然端午节是中国人民中一个十分盛行的隆重节日，无论在中国南方还是北方，都有过端午节的习俗。但我感觉，南方的端午节要比北方的更有意思，气氛更浓郁，更能表现端午节特色。
端午节是为纪念伟大诗人屈原所定的节日。每到端午节这一天，我们家家户户都会包一种“中山芦兜棕。圆棒形的粗如手臂，用新鲜的竹叶来缚棕，里面放有配料，分有咸粽子和甜粽子两种口味。甜粽子有莲蓉，豆沙，栗蓉，枣泥：咸的呢，就是咸肉啊，烧鸡，蛋黄，干贝，冬菇，绿豆，叉烧等材料。包好的粽子放在一个锅里煮，等粽子熟了以后，会闻到淡淡的竹叶香，清香四溢，弥漫整个厨房。
2021端午节作文开头结尾范文2五月初五，泪罗江边，你——屈原，内心充满矛盾，充满无奈，你是多么希望能够报效国家，为国捐躯，可是天妒英才，不识人才得大王不给你机会，他昏庸无能，把大好江山毁于一旦，你被眼睁睁地看着国土被一次次侵蚀，直到再无楚国存在。大江彭湃，汹涌着向东流去，你的心随着这江水那样起伏不定，江水流逝了多少沧桑，楚国已不复存在，而你更感到前路茫茫。
长太息以掩涕兮，哀民生之多艰!你轻轻地哀叹，眼角间流下难以掩饰的泪水，一滴滴那么晶莹，发出多么柔弱的泪光，苍白的脸色中，勾住过往，遥望蓝天长长地哀叹一声，无奈的吟唱起一句句诗歌，歌声响彻天地，似乎想激起高高在上的人的仁义。悲哀的声音中，表达了你对国家、对人民的热爱之情;表达了你怀才不遇的无奈心情;表达了你对人民处于水深火热中的哀怜之情!但不管你如何大声，可伯乐却不知在何处，你的一腔热血只能演变成满腹悲愤。你无奈，发出千叹万哀都言不了你那悲痛的心情!
泪罗江边，大风狂吹，江水更加汹涌，愤怒地拍打着江岸，一男子轻轻一跃，就此殉身。你，就是这一跃。从此，大地上就少了一个伟大的爱国诗人;从此，中国传统节日中就多了一个。你可知，就在你殉身之后，有多少人为你而泪流满面，直至今日，仍有多少人为你感概不已。你那可歌可泣的爱国情怀让我们赞叹不已，身为炎黄子孙的我们一定会继承和发扬你的爱国精神。从你殉身的那一日，赛龙舟便出现了，和吃粽子一起成为端午节的特色，和你一起成为中国的传说。为了什么呢?为了纪念你——一位伟大的爱国诗人，和缅怀你的爱国精神!
一本《离骚》，使中华文化增添了新的活力;一个端午节，使中华民族拥有传奇的一面;一种爱国情怀，更使中华人民的情操更高尚!而这一切，都是源自你——屈原。或许在你投江之前，你为自己无法救黎民于水深火热之中，而感到遗憾，但是我想你现在知道你为中华民族的人民做了那么多事，一定会感到很欣慰。我为你而骄傲，又为你而悲哀。骄傲的是我们有这样一位伟大的爱国诗人而自豪;悲哀的是时代的背景让你的才华无法施展，正所谓千里马常有，而伯乐却不常有，你是何其不幸地遇到这样的主啊!
今天，我们仍然过着这端午节，为的是纪念一位伟大的爱国诗人——屈原!
2021端午节作文开头结尾范文3农历五月初五为端午节，又称端阳节、午日节、五月节、艾节、端五、重午、午日、夏节。虽然名称不同，但各地人民过节的习俗是相同的。端午节是我国二千多年的旧习俗，每到这一天，家家户户都悬钟馗像，挂艾叶菖蒲，赛龙舟，吃粽子，饮雄黄酒，游百病，佩香囊，备牲醴。
端午节这一天有许多风俗活动，如早上取龙须水，插艾枝于门，上山采青，食粽球，制粽，赛龙舟活动。
早晨取龙须水——因为传说五月五日是龙的生日，这一天龙抬头喷出的水能治病。故此人们在这一天早上到外面坑沟、水沟、溪河取水，置于自家水缸里供全家人吃喝，祈求一年的平安。
插艾于门——因为艾能僻邪，这一天插艾于门上能保平安。
2021端午节作文开头结尾范文4我的家乡在江苏南通，这是一个富饶的鱼米之乡，而端午节，是我们家过的最重要的传统节日，每逢节日，我们家里都紧锣密鼓地准备着。
在端午节的前两个星期，我的外婆就开始包粽子了，有肉粽子、赤豆粽子、红枣粽子、蟹黄粽子等，因为我最喜欢吃白米粽子，所以外婆包了很多白米粽子。每当我在端午前夕到外婆家时，都能看到外婆包粽子的身影，外婆用她灵巧的手，包出了一个个有棱有角的粽子。等到了端午节那天，外婆总是拿出热腾腾的白米粽子给我，让我吃得满嘴清香、念念不忘。
端午节那天，最重要的就是看赛龙舟了!那一天，原本宁静平和的濠河变得人声鼎沸，岸边挤满了人，我和妈妈也赶到了濠河边，一睹龙舟的风采。传说赛龙舟这个习俗是因为屈原投江而来的，所以人们一直铭记着他。
上午九点，龙舟大赛正式开始!随着裁判的一声令下，鼓声震耳欲聋，所有的龙舟选手一齐用力划桨，顿时，水花四溅，喊声此起彼伏，岸上的人也十分激动，纷纷大声吼道：“加油!加油!”没过多久，一支龙舟队就以到达终点，岸上的人欢呼着，划龙舟的选手也用力拍打着水面，来表达自己的激动之情。来了!来了!我期盼的江苏队终于来了!他们划的是1000米的长度。裁判哨声一响，江苏队就像一支利箭冲向终点，水面像刚刚被刀划了一下，伤口难以愈合。几十秒后，江苏队就大幅度领先其他选手，我激动得呐喊着，嗓子早已变得沙哑。最后，江苏队一举夺魁，夺下了冠军，我为他们引以为豪!
端午，早已不是一种节日，一种习俗，其实啊，端午的这种精神早已深入我的心中。就像那热气腾腾刚出来的粽子一样，那种扑鼻的香气，早早便沁入心田，萦绕在口耳之间，代代相承了。
2021端午节作文开头结尾范文5再过十几天就是端午节了，一想到快要吃到那些香香甜甜的粽子，我的口水都快流下来了。
记得以前每年的端午节，外婆都会包各种各样的粽子，有咸的肉粽，甜的蜜枣粽，还有香香的花生粽和红豆粽。再看那粽子的外形，一个个小巧玲珑：“三角粽”、“斧头粽”、“猪爪粽”……真是千姿百态。粽子煮好了，整个屋子都弥漫着粽叶的香气，这时我会迫不及待地把每种口味的粽子都尝一遍。青青的粽叶，白白的糯米，夹着诱人的馅，真好吃呀!
每年端午节，妈妈还会给我买小香袋和红绿丝线扎在我的手腕上，妈妈说那是保我平安的，还给我讲起了端午节的来历———纪念伟大的爱国诗人屈原。原来生活中也有这么多学问呀!
真盼望端午节能早点到来!
大学英语四级考试写作高分模板
对比观点题型
(1) 要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。
1.有一些人认为……
2.另一些人认为……
3.我的看法……
The topic of ①________(主题)is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②________(支持A的理由一)What is more, ③________(理由二). Moreover, ④________(理由三).
While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,________(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),⑥____________(理由二). Thirdly (finally),⑦____________(理由三).
From my point of view, I think ⑧________(我的观点). The reason is that ⑨____________(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .
(2) 给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点Some people believe that ①________(观点一). For example, they think ②________(举例说明).And it will bring them ③________(为他们带来的好处).
In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④____(我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing, ⑤____(反对的理由之二). Form all what I have said,I agree to the thought that ⑥____(我对文章所讨论主题的看法). 阐述主题题型
要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述.
1. 阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义.
2. 分析并举例使其更充实.
The good old proverb ________(名言或谚语)reminds us that ________(释义). Indeed, we can learn many things form it.
First of all,________(理由一). For example, ____________(举例说明).
Secondly,________(理由二). Another case is that ________(举例说明). Furthermore , ____________(理由三).
In my opinion, ________(我的观点). In short, whatever you do, please remember the say____A. If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you”ll necessarily benefit a lot from it.
解决方法题型
要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径
1. 问题现状
2. 怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)
In recent days, we have to face I problem——A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ________(说明A的现状).Second, ________(举例进一步说明现状)
Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ________(解决方法一). For another ________(解决方法二). Finally, ________(解决方法三).
Personally, I believe that ________(我的解决方法). Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ________(带来的好处).
四、说明利弊题型
这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度(利或弊)出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度(或对事物前景提出预测)
1. 说明事物现状
2. 事物本身的优缺点(或一方面)
3. 你对现状(或前景)的看法
Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First ________(A的优点之一). Besides ____________(A的优点之二).
But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ________(A的第一个缺点).To make matters worse,____________(A的第二个缺点).
Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to ________(我的看法).
(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way, ________(对前景的预测
议论文的框架
(1) 不同观点列举型( 选择型 )
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.
A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一
_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some
people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的议论文
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally
speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, \\\"every coin has two sides\\\", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____ 缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
(3)答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目
_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.英语四级英译汉的目的,要求和评分
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.
(4) 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb: \\\" ___谚语_______\\\" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically )
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the
saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.
土木工程毕业设计文献综述范例
文献综述正文
毕业设计是土木工程专业学生毕业前的最后学习和综合训练的阶段，是知识深化、拓宽、教学的重要过程，是学生学习、研究和实践的全面总结，也是对学生综合素质与工程实践能力的全面检验，是实现本科培养目标的重要阶段。通过毕业设计，培养了综合分析和解决问题的能力、组织管理和社交能力，培养了独立工作的能力以及严谨、扎实的工作作风和事业心、责任感。为将来走上工作岗位，顺利完成所承担的建设任务奠定基础。
本项目为缙云县邮政生产用房，集商用、办公于一体的综合性建筑，采用钢筋混凝土框架结构体系，建筑结构的类别为二类，使用年限为50年，占地面积为3987m2，总建筑面积为3934m2，底层层高4.2m,标准层层高为3.4m。
多层及高层建筑的结构体系大致有混合结构体系、框架结构体系、剪力墙结构体系、筒体结构体系、巨型结构体系。混合结构的承重墙体随着建筑高度的增加而加厚，不仅耗费大量材料，也减少了使用面积。框架结构体系是由钢筋混凝土梁、柱节点及基础为主框架，加上楼板、填充墙、屋盖组成的结构形式。框架形成可灵活布置的建筑空间，使用较方便。但是随着建筑高度的增加，水平作用使得框架底部梁柱构件的弯矩和剪力显著增加，从而导致梁柱截面尺寸和配筋量增加，到一定程度，将给建筑平面布置和空间处理带来困难，影响建筑空间的正常使用，在材料用量和造价方面也趋于不合理，因此在使用上层数受到限制。正是因为如此原因，框架结构适用于办公楼、教学楼、商场、住宅等建筑。本设计的是多层建筑，建筑的高宽比H/B小于5，抗震设防烈度为6度，建筑高度19.5m，
框架结构住宅是指以钢筋混凝土浇捣成承重梁柱，再用预制的加气混凝土、膨胀珍珠岩、浮石、蛭石、陶烂等轻质板材隔墙分户装配成而的住宅。适合大规模工业化施工，效率较高，工程质量较好。 框架结构由梁柱构成，构件截面较小，因此框架结构的承载力和刚度都较低，它的受力特点类似于竖向悬臂剪切梁，楼层越高，水平位移越慢，高层框架在纵横两个方向都承受很大的水平力，这时，现浇楼面也作为梁共同工作的，装配整体式楼面的作用则不考虑，框架结构的墙体是填充墙，起围护和分隔作用，框架结构的特点是能为建筑提供灵活的使用空间，但抗震性能差。所以选用框架结构体系较为合理。
框架是由梁、柱构件通过节点连接形成的骨架结构。框架结构的特点是由梁、柱承受竖向和水平荷载，墙仅起维护作用，其整体性和抗震性均好于混合结构，且平面布置灵活，可提供较大的使用空间，也可构成丰富多变的立面造型。国外多用钢为框架材料，而国内主要为钢筋混凝土框架，因为钢筋混凝土结构有以下的一些优点：
第一：合理的利用了钢筋和混凝土两种材料的受力性能特点，可以形成强度较高、刚度较大的结构构件。这些构件在有些情况下可以用来代替钢构件，因而能够节约钢材，降低造价。
第二：耐久性和耐火性较好，维护费用低。
第三：可模性好，结构造型灵活，可以根据使用需要浇注成各种形状的结构。
第四：现浇钢筋混凝土结构的整体性好，可通过合理的设计，使之具有良好的延性，成为“延性框架”,在地震作用下，这种延性框架具有良好的抗震性能;同时它的防震性和防辐射性也好，亦适于用作防护结构。
第五：混凝土中占比例较大的砂、石材料便于就地取材。
因为钢筋混凝土具有这些特点，所以在建筑结构、地下结构、桥梁、隧道、铁路等土木工程中得到广泛应用。混凝土以成为当今世界上用量最大的建筑材料。但是，钢筋混凝土也存在一些缺点，如自重过大，抗裂性能较差，隔热隔声性能不好，浇注混凝土时需要模板和支撑，户外施工受到季节条件限制，补强修复比较困难。这些缺点在一定程度上限制了钢筋混凝土的应用范围。随着科学技术的发展，钢筋混凝土的这些缺点正在逐步的得到克服和改善。
钢筋混凝土多层框架结构作为一种常用的结构形式, 具有如下优点：
(1) 建筑平面布置灵活，分割方便。
(2) 整体性、抗震性能好。
(3) 传力路线明确。
(4) 墙体采用轻质填充材料时，结构自重小。
(5) 承重构件与围护构件有明确分工。
毕业设计是对四年专业知识的一次综合应用、扩充和深化，也是对我们理论运用于实际设计的一次锻炼。通过毕业设计，不仅可以温习以前在课堂上学习的专业知识，同时也将学习和体会到建筑结构设计的基本技能和思想。
“缙云县邮政生产用房结构设计” ，在设计之前必须先充分理解建筑设计的内容，并收集相关的资料如建筑图集、结构计算手册及相关国标规范等，做好准备工作。
读懂建筑设计中的建筑图，如底层及标准层平面图、顶层平面图、主要立面图、剖面图，根据实际情况所选择的建筑方案，满足相关规范的要求考虑到实用、美观、符合教学目的等等各方面要求。
结构设计中根据承重框架布置方向的不同，框架的结构布置方案有横向框架承重、竖向框架承重、纵横向框架承重。多层框架是超静定结构，在计算内力之前，必须先确定杆件的截面形状、尺寸和惯性矩。为此，查阅了许多文献资料，包括标准、规范、手册、图集，以及国内外相关书籍、论文，明确了设计路线。
结构设计包括结构计算和绘制结构图两方面。结构计算又需完成基础设计、纵横向平面框架结构设计、楼盖设计、楼梯、阳台、雨蓬等结构设计，其中纵横向平面框架结构设计是最重要的，也是最难的。纵横向平面框架结构设计又涉及到框架梁、柱、节点设计，要满足“强柱弱梁，强剪弱弯，强节点弱构件”的设计原则。在本次毕业设计中采用手算和电算两种方法，手算采用分层分析法和D值法(计算竖向荷载采用分层分析法，计算水平荷载采用D值法)来完成，电算采用PKPM结构计算软件。最后，将手算与电算的结果比较，相互检验，以提高结构计算的精确度。
毕业设计是集理论与实践为一体，在设计之前作为设计者必须深入实际，调查研究，是大学四年里最重要的实践环节。通过一个完整的毕业设计，在资料查阅，文献综述与阅读，设计思路与方案的确定等方面有了较大的提高，对于相关设计规范、手册、标准图以及工程实践中常用的方法有较系统地认识了解。
2014年中考英语写作常用模板（题型版）中考英语作文万能模板：阐述主题题型
要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述．
１． 阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义．
２． 分析并举例使其更充实．
中考英语作文万能模板：解决方法题型
要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径
１． 问题现状
２． 怎样解决（解决方案的优缺点）
In recent days， we have to face I problem-----A， which is becoming more and more serious. First， ------------（说明Ａ的现状）．Second， ---------------（举例进一步说明现状） Confronted with A， we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing， ---------------（解决方法一）。 For another -------------（解决方法二）。 Finally， --------------（解决方法三）。
Personally， I believe that -------------（我的解决方法）。 Consequently， I’m confident that a bright future isawaiting us because --------------（带来的好处）。中考英语作文万能模板：说明利弊题型
这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测）
１． 说明事物现状
２． 事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）
３． 你对现状（或前景）的看法
Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally， its advantages can be seen as follows. First ----------------（Ａ的优点之一）。 Besides -------------------（Ａ的优点之二）。
But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ----------------（Ａ的第一个缺点）．To make matters worse，------------------（Ａ的第二个缺点）．
Through the above analysis， I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore， I would like to ---------------（我的看法）． （From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A， we should take it
reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way， ---------------（对前景的预测）．）
中考英语作文万能模板：议论文的框架
（1） 不同观点列举型（ 选择型 ）
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows： in the first place， ___原因一_______.Furthermore， in the second place， ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People， however， differ in theiropinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view， on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand， ____原因二_____. Therefore， there is no doubt that ___观点二______. As far as I am concerned， I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________， but also because _________. The more _______， the more ________.（2）利弊型的议论文
Nowadays， there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）___作文题目______. In fact， there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking， it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly， ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____. Just As a popular saying goes， “every coin has two sides”， __讨论议题______ is no exception， and in another word， it still has negative aspects. To begin with， ___缺点一______. In addition， ____缺点二______.
To sum up， we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play， and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case， we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___. as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table（graph/picture/pie/chart）， ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease （goesup/increases/drops/decreases），significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart， it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand， ________. On the other hand， _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition， ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasonsare commonly convincing. As far as I am concerned， I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.中考英语作文万能模板：现象说明文
（新中国成立以来发生了翻天覆地的变化，）
Recently _______，what amazes us most is______________，it is ture that__________. There are many reasons explaining__________________________.The main reason is____________________. what is more_________________________.thirdly__________________________.As a result_______________. Considering all there，________________________.For one thing_____________________，for another________ ____.In Conclusion____________________.中考英语作文万能模板：一种事物或现象（负面意义倾向）
关于A的话题，早已引起了广泛的社会关注。如今在电视、报纸、日常生活的很多角落，都有越来越多的关于A的议论。
给A一个精确恒定的定义并非易事，因为它的概念涉及了科学、人性、思想、经济、社会、自然等广阔的领域。一般而言，我们可以这样描述A?
A能成为公众关注的焦点，主要是由于它对个人、集体乃至整个世界都有着不容忽视的不良影响。
认真分析后我们可以看到，A对社会/世界 /健康的不利有很多。首先，从最直观的角度来看，A的出现直接损害了（这里加入一句针对性的话，如人类的身体健康和环境的平衡）。（举例）。其次，从更深一层次上讲，它为人类的精神文明蒙上了一层阴影。更可怕的是，由于A所产生微小利益，却促成了许多可悲的人们为其忘乎所以，破坏了人类生存的法则和空间。
事实上，A的出现是社会发展和人类进步的产物，A所带来的危害是人类进化过程中付出的代价。同时，A的产生来源于部分人们的自私和趋利性，他们看到的是肤浅和片面的利益，而从未从整个全局和人类整体的利益出发去认识和分析它。这使得A始终挥之不去。对此，我奉劝他们，跳出狭小的角落，用长远和全局的眼光去重新审视A。
而如今，我们已深受其害，要想消除它的危害，我们必须从根源上杜绝它的产生，我们每一个人都应给予A高度的重视，用系统的和科学的方法去解决，唯有这样，避免它带来更多损失，我们人类前进的脚步才会更加平稳，更加欢快的迈向辉煌的明天。
中考英语作文万能模板：说明原因型
模块（3）
Currently，XX has been the order of the day .This does demonstrate the theory --- nothing is more valuable than XX 。 It is clear that （1）。 If you （2）， as a result ， your dreams willcome true 。 On the contrary， if you （3）。 Failure will be following with you .It turns out that all your plan falls through 。 No one can deny another fact that （4） .You donn‘t have to look very far to find out the truth ， in respect that we all know （5） 。 It will exert a profound influence upon （6）。 With reference to my standpoint ，I think （7）。附加
一、英语书信的常见写作模板
开头部分：
How nice to hear from you again. Let me tell you something about the activity. I’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. 9th. I’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a visit. I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America. 结尾部分：
With best wishes. I’m looking forward to your reply. I’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.二、口头通知常见写作模板
呼语及开场白部分：
Ladies and gentlemen， May I have your attention， please？ I have an announcement to make. 正文部分：
All the teachers and students are required to attend it. Please take your notebooks and make notes. Please listen carefully and we’ll have a discussion in groups. Please come on time and don’t be late. 结束语部分：
Please come and join in it. Everybody is welcome to attend it. I hope you’ll have a nice time here. That’s all. Thank you.三、议论文模板
1.正反观点式议论文模板 导入：
第1段：Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should.。. （导入话题）
Our opinions are divided on this topic.（观点有分歧） 正文：
第2段：Most of the students are in favour of it.（正方观点）
Here are the reasons. First.。. Second.。. Finally.。.（列出2~3个赞成的理由） 第3段：However， the others are strongly against it. （反方观点）
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place.。. What’s more.。. In addition.。.（列出2~3个反对的理由）
结论：
第4段：Personally speaking， the advantages overweigh the disadvantages， for it will do us more harm than good， so I support it.（个人观点）2.“A或者B”类议论文模板： 导入：
第1段：Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others， however， argue that B is much better. Personally， I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages. 正文：
第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that 。.. Another reason is that.。.（赞同A的原因）
第3段： Of course， B also has advantages to some extent.。. （列出1~2个B的优势）
结论：
第4段： But if all these factors are considered， A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above， we may finally draw the conclusion that 。..（得出结论） オ3.观点论述类议论文模板： 导入：
第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student， I am strongly in favour of the decision. （亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对） The reasons for this may be listed as follows. （过渡句，承上启下） 正文：
第2段：First of all.。. Secondly.。. Besides.。.（列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由）
结论：
第3段：In conclusion， I believe that.。. （照应第1段，构成“总—分—总”结构）
4.“How to”类议论文模板： 导入：
第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文：
第2段：Many ways can help to solve this serious problem， but the following may be most effective. First of all.。. Another way to solve the problem is 。.. Finally.。.（列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法） 结论：
第3段：These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to.。.（强调解决此类问题的根本方法）四、图表作文写作模板
The chart gives us an overall picture of the 图表主题。 The first thing we notice is that 图表最大特点 。 This means that as （进一步说明）。
We can see from the statistics given that 图表细节一 。 After 动词-ing 细节一中的第一个变化， the动词-ed+幅度+时间（紧跟着的变化） 。 The figures also tell us that图表细节二 。 In the column， we can see that accounts for （进一步描述）。 Judging from these figures， we can draw the conclusion that （结论）。 The reason for this， as far as I am concerned is that （给出原因）。 / It is high time that we （发出倡议）。
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